Long‐term effects of perinatal exposure to low doses of cadmium on the prostate of adult male rats

Developmental toxicity caused by environmental exposure to heavy metals during the perinatal period has raised questions about offspring health. Cadmium (Cd) is an endocrine‐disrupting chemical with the potential to interfere with morphogenesis and susceptibility to diseases in reproductive organs. Taking into account that in the rat prostate morphogenesis occurs during the perinatal period, and that pregnant females absorb and retain more dietary Cd than their non‐pregnant counterparts, it is important to understand the effects of perinatal Cd exposure on the adult rat prostate. Therefore this study investigated the effects of gestational and lactational Cd exposure on adult offspring rat prostate histopathology. Pregnant rats (n = 20) were divided into two groups: Control (treated with aqueous solution of sodium acetate 10 mg/l) and treated (treated with aqueous solution of cadmium acetate 10 mg/l) administered in the drinking water. After weaning, male offspring from different litters (n = 10) received food and water ‘ad libitum’. The animals were euthanized at postnatal day 90 (PND90), the ventral prostates (VPs) were removed, weighed and examined histopathologically. Blood was collected for the measurement of testosterone (T) levels. Immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor (AR) and Ki67, and a TUNEL assay were performed. There were no differences in T levels, cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes, or AR immunostaining between the experimental groups. Stromal inflammatory foci and multifocal inflammation increased significantly in the treated group. These changes were associated with inflammatory reactive epithelial atypia and stromal fibrillar rearrangement. In conclusion, VP was permanently affected by perinatal Cd exposition, with increased incidence of inflammatory disorders with ageing.     

围产期盆底肌锻炼干预对不同分娩方式下盆底功能障碍性疾病的影响

目的观察产前、产后连续盆底肌锻炼干预对阴道分娩和剖宫产后盆底功能的影响及盆底功能障碍性疾病的预防效果。方法选择2014年12月至2015年12月在南昌大学第四附属医院妇产科产检、分娩的孕产妇150例,根据分娩方式分为阴道分娩组(A组)106例与剖宫产组(B组)44例;根据产前、产后是否进行盆底功能障碍性疾病(pelvic floor dysfunction,PFD)防治将A组分为干预组(Aa组66例)与未干预组(Ab组40例),B组亦分为干预组(Ba组19例)与未干预组(Bb组25例)。产后6周、12周对以上孕产妇进行问卷调查并检测盆底肌力、阴道静息压、阴道收缩压及阴道收缩持续时间,对结果进行比较和统计学分析。结果 (1)产后6周盆底功能检测:Aa组盆底Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力、阴道静息压、阴道收缩压、阴道收缩持续时间均显著高于Ab组(P0.05);Ba组Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力均显著高于Bb组(P0.05),但两亚组患者阴道静息压、阴道收缩压、阴道收缩持续时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)产后12周盆底功能检测:Aa组盆底Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力、阴道静息压、阴道收缩压、阴道收缩持续时间均显著高于Ab组(P0.05);Ba组Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力、阴道静息压、阴道收缩压、阴道收缩持续时间均显著高于Bb组(P0.05)。(3)产后12周Aa组阴道前壁脱垂、后壁脱垂、尿失禁发生率显著低于Ab组(P0.05);Ba组阴道前壁脱垂、尿失禁发生率显著低于Bb组(P0.05)。结论围产期盆底肌锻炼联合生物反馈电刺激可不同程度地改善顺产和剖宫产后盆底肌功能,有助于预防产后盆底功能障碍性疾病的发生。     

心脏人工瓣膜置换术后孕妇的围产期抗凝管理

心脏人工瓣膜置换术后的患者妊娠属于高危妊娠,孕前详细评估心脏病的情况,孕期多学科联合管理,根据患者的病史、瓣膜状况、抗凝药物剂量、孕周等综合分析,选择恰当的抗凝方案,密切监测病情并维持和调整凝血状态,围分娩期预先计划调整好凝血功能,以确保母儿安全。     

Neurocognitive and quality of life study in perinatally HIV-infected young people and their peers. NeuroCoRISpeS study

BackgroundAssessing the role of HIV and non-HIV related factors is essential for a better understanding of the neurocognitive outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) young people. The aim of our study was to assess cognition and quality of life (QoL) of a PHIV+ cohort of young people and to compare it with a control group.MethodsThirty PHIV+ and 30 HIV(−) healthy young adults matched by age, sex and socioeconomic status completed a protocol that included neurocognitive tests, a psychosocial semi-structured interview and a QoL questionnaire (PedsQL). Neurocognitive domain-specific and domain-general (NPZ-5) Z-scores were calculated. CDC AIDS-defining category C or not C (PHIV+/C, PHIV+/noC) was considered to evaluate differences within the PHIV+ group. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed.ResultsSixty patients were included; 67% were female; median age (IQR) 19 years (18–21). Regarding PHIV+ young people, 27% showed CDC C category (none encephalopathy), 93% were on ART and 77% had undetectable viral load. No differences regarding occupation were found, although the HIV(−) group repeated less grades (p = 0.028) and had a higher education level (p = 0.021).No differences were found between PHIV+/noC and HIV(−) participants. However, the PHIV+/C group showed poorer performance than PHIV+/noC (NPZ-5, p = 0.037) and HIV(−) subjects (crystallised intelligence, p = 0.025; intelligence quotient, p = 0.016). Higher nadir CD4+ T-cell count was related to better Z-score in memory (p = 0.007) and NPZ-5 (p = 0.025). Earlier and longer exposure to ART resulted in better performance in memory (p = 0.004) and executive functions (p = 0.015), respectively.ConclusionsNo significant differences were found in the neurocognitive profile nor QoL between PHIV+/noC and HIV(−) adolescents; however, PHIV+/C participants obtained lower scores. The use of longer and earlier ART seems to have a beneficial effect.     

Availability of COLLECT,a database for pregnancy and placental research studies worldwide

Cost and availability of a database often impede research while the lack of compatibility inhibits collaboration by making merging of databases difficult or impossible. The Global Pregnancy Collaboration (CoLab) has promoted harmonization of studies and standardized data collection to facilitate pregnancy and placental research. Its online database, COLLECT, allows collection of minimal and optimal clinical datasets to accompany basic and applied science studies and provides a placental sample inventory system. COLLECT is available free of charge in LMIC and for $100 per month in HIC. Data is the property of the investigator but with permission can be combined into larger studies across centers and countries.     

早产两个临床热点问题探讨

<正>早产是多病因引起的一种综合征,是造成新生儿死亡和发病最主要的原因~([1])。据报道,世界范围内的早产率约为11%,也就是说,每年约有1500万早产儿出生,因此,早产一直是产科学界最关注的主题之一~([2])。但近几十年来,产科的一系列防治早产的干预措施并没有明显降低早产率,目前认为产前糖皮质激素促胎肺成熟的治疗以及硫酸镁保护脑神经的使用是改善围产儿结局的最重要的产科干预措施~([2])。