Gastroesophageal reflux disease in lung transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Chronic allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation contributes to poor long-term survival. A link between gastric aspiration and post-transplant lung dysfunction has been suggested, but little is known about the significance of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after lung transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of GERD in lung transplant recipients. Patients who underwent lung transplantation at Duke University, survived at least 6 months and had post-transplant 24-h pH studies were included in the analysis. Antireflux medications were discontinued prior to the pH study. Demographic data, pH study date and results, FEV1 at the time of the pH study, confirmed acute rejection episodes, and current medications were collected. The FEV1 ratio was calculated at the time of pH study (current FEV1/best post-transplant FEV1). RESULTS: Forty-three patients met entry criteria. Studies were performed at a median of 558 d post-transplant. Thirty of forty-three (69.8%) patients tested had abnormal total acid contact times (normal: <5%). The mean acid contact times for all patients were 10% total, 11.8% upright and 7.9% supine. A negative correlation was found between total or upright acid reflux and FEV1 ratio at the time of studies (-0.341 and -0.419; p = 0.025 and p = 0.005, respectively). The effect of acid reflux on FEV1 ratio remained significant after multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of GERD among selected lung transplant recipients who had pH studies performed and its presence is associated with worse pulmonary function. Future studies are needed to assess whether GERD contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS).     

Parainfluenza Virus Infection in Adult Lung Transplant Recipients: An Emergent Clinical Syndrome with Implications on Allograft Function

Parainfluenza virus is a common cause of seasonal upper respiratory tract infections in children and adults. Studies indicate that parainfluenza virus may play an important role in the etiology of respiratory tract infections in lung transplant recipients with an estimated incidence of 5.3 per 100 patients. Parainfluenza virus type 3 is the most frequent serotype in lung transplant patients. The rate of lower respiratory tract infections with parainfluenza virus among lung transplant recipients is between 10 and 66% of cases. In addition, trans-bronchial biopsy at the time of parainfluenza infection shows signs of acute allograft rejection. Subsequently, 32% of patients have been found to have active bronchiolitis obliterans at a median time of 6 months (range 1-14) postviral infection. These findings indicate that parainfluenza virus infections may have long-term implications for lung transplant recipients. Further studies are required to identify the mechanisms of immunomodulation of parainfluenza virus among these patients. In addition, controlled studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of aerosolized ribavarin in the treatment of parainfluenza virus infection and to determine whether vaccines may be effective in these high-risk patients.     

蒲黄水提物对小鼠Lewis肺癌的抑制作用

目的探讨蒲黄水提物对Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用。方法建立Lewis肺癌小鼠模型，随机分为阴性对照组，氟尿嘧啶注射液组，蒲黄水提物50、100、200rag·kg^-1·d^-1 3个剂量组，每组8只，连续治疗14d后，剥取胸腺、脾脏、肿瘤，称取重量，计算免疫器官指数及抑瘤率，并用流式细胞仪检测肿瘤细胞凋亡率及细胞周期。结果连续灌服给药14d后蒲黄水提物3个剂量，对Lewis肺癌移植瘤的生长具有明显的抑制作用，其中100、200mg·kg^-1·d^-1剂量组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；流式细胞仪检测各剂量组均出现不同程度的细胞周期阻滞，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡率分别为：5．73％、20．76％、4．55％。结论蒲黄水提物对Lewis肺癌小鼠移植瘤的生长有一定的抑制作用，在肿瘤的预防及综合治疗中具有一定的应用价值。     

<Superscript>18</Superscript>F-FDG PET for the lymph node staging of non-small cell lung cancer in a tuberculosis-endemic country: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Is dual time point imaging worth the effort?</Emphasis>

PURPOSE: This study was to compare (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) with thoracic contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) in the ability of lymph node (LN) staging non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a tuberculosis-prevalent country. The usefulness of dual time point PET imaging (DTPI) in NSCLC nodal staging was also evaluated. METHODS: We reviewed 96 NSCLC patients (mean age, 65.3 +/- 11.7 years) who had received PET studies before their surgery. DTPI were performed on 37 patients (mean age, 64.8 +/- 12.2 years) who received an additional scan of thorax 3 h after tracer injection. The accuracies of nodal staging by CECT and PET were evaluated according to final histopathology of hilar and mediastinal LN resected by surgery. RESULTS: The accuracy for nodal staging by CECT was 65.6% and that by PET was 82.3% (p < 0.05). Six patients were over-staged and 11 were under-staged by PET. Tuberculosis (n = 3, 50%) were mostly responsible for false-positive, while small tumor foci (n = 7, 63.6%) were mostly accountable for false-negative. For the 37 patients with DTPI, 45 min standardized uptake value (SUV) and 3 h SUV for negative LNs are significantly lower than those for positive LNs (p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, the retention index (RI) showed no significant difference between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that PET is more accurate than CECT in LN staging NSCLC patients in Taiwan where TB is still prevalent. Semi-quantitative SUV method or DTPI with RI does not result in better diagnostic accuracy than visual analysis of PET images.     

妊娠糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白动态变化与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨妊娠糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)动态变化与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法 选择妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者32例和正常糖耐量(NGT)孕妇3l例为研究对象,分别测定孕25~28周、孕29~32周、孕37~38周、产后6~8周空腹血清hs-CRP、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBG)水平,采用放射免疫法测定FINS,葡萄糖氧化酶法测定FBG,免疫散射比浊法测定hs-CRP,以HOMA胰岛索抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价IR。结果 (1) GDM组和NGT组血清hs-CRP水平在妊娠各阶段(孕25~28周、孕29~32周、孕37~38周)的变化不明显,但均显著高于产后;(2) GDM组妊娠各阶段血清hs-CRP水平均高于NGT组(t值分别为7.31、7.78、6.33,P<0.01);(3) GDM组妊娠各阶段HOMA-IR均显著高于NGT组(t值分别为31.18、31.10、28.39,P<0.01);(4) Pearson相关分析显示。FBG、FINS、hs-CRP与HOMA-IR显著相关(相关系数分别为0.478、0.902、0.293,P<0.01),多元回归分析提示,FINS、FBG、hs-CRP是影响HOMA-IR的显著因素(回归系数分别为0.441、0.876、0.261,P<0.01)。结论 GDM患者血清hs-CRP水平在妊娠的不问阶段变化不明显,但显著高于NGT组,且与HOMA-IR显著相关。     

核因子-κB在兔急性肺损伤中的作用

 目的 探讨核因子-κB(NF-κB)在失血性休克复合内毒素打击致急性肺损伤(ALI)兔发病中的作用.方法 失血性休克复合内毒素打击法复制ALI兔模型.制模成功后1 h、4 h、8 h、24 h、48 h检测动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、肺干重/湿重比值(D/W),双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度,免疫组织化学的方法结合图像分析观察肺组织内NF-κB的变化情况,行肺组织病理学检查.结果 与对照组相比,失血性休克复合内毒素打击使动物PaO2及D/W值进行性下降,于48 h降至最低(P<0.01);血清TNF-α含量及肺组织NF-κBp65的含量升高,并均于4 h达到最高峰(P<0.01);相关分析显示1 h、4 h、8 h、24 h、48 h NF-κB活性与TNF-α含量之间的变化存在显著相关性(P<0.01).肺组织病理显示肺泡壁增厚、炎性细胞浸润、局灶出血、部分肺泡萎陷.结论 NF-κB的活化,介导TNF-α等炎症介质的大量表达,在失血性休克复合内毒素打击导致ALI的病理机制中发挥重要作用.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影诊断肺隔离症的价值

目的评价螺旋CT血管造影诊断肺隔离症的价值。方法对6例经手术和病理证实、影像资料完整的肺隔离症病例进行回顾性分析。全部病例使用多层螺旋CT胸部平扫、增强扫描及病灶多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)。结果6例中,病变位于左下肺后基底段4例,右下肺后基底段2例。呈囊性病灶1例,实性病灶3例,囊实性病灶1例,多结节融合肿块影1例。增强CT扫描及多种重建后处理图像可显示病灶强化特点、异常供血动脉、引流静脉及其与病变结构的关系。结论螺旋CT三维重建血管成像能很好地显示肺隔离症的病变特征。     

儿童急性白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的CT表现

目的 探讨儿童急性白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的CT特征.方法 回顾性分析经临床和痰培养证实的13例IPA患儿的临床、CT资料,13例均行胸部CT扫描,并进行了4～10次随访CT扫描.结果 首次CT表现:单发结节2例,多发结节影10例,结节伴晕征9例,胸膜下楔形实变影5例,其中4例胸膜下楔形实变影与肺部多发结节影并存.随访CT扫描结节病灶和楔形病灶内出现空洞或"空气新月征"11例,7例结节病灶和2例空洞病灶周围出现晕征.结论 IPA的CT表现具有一定的特征性,CT对观察该病的发展、演变及估计预后有重要的价值.     

18F-FDG符合线路显像与异机CT图像融合诊断非小细胞肺癌复发转移的价值

目的 评价18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)符合线路显像与异机CT图像融合诊断非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术后放化疗后复发转移的价值.方法 对可疑复发转移的40例NSCLC患者行18F-FDG符合线路显像,并于显像前后1周内行CT扫描.用三维(3D)图像融合软件进行图像融合.结果 在18F-FDG符合线路显像与CT扫描相同的范围内,40例患者共检出病灶58处,其中恶性52处,良性6处.融合图像诊断NSCLC复发转移的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比及阴性似然比分别为94.23%(49/52),5/6,93.10%(54/58),98.00%(49/50),5/8,5.65及0.07.图像融合灵敏度、准确性明显高于CT.单纯18F-FDG符合线路显像诊断效能与图像融合无差别,但与CT图像融合可明显提高对病灶的定位诊断(提高44.83%).结论 18F-FDG符合线路与CT图像融合诊断NSCLC术后放化疗后复发转移灵敏度高,定位准确,值得推广应用.     

131I-17-AAG对荷H460人非小细胞肺癌裸鼠的抗癌效应

目的 观察131I标记17-丙烯胺基-17-去甲氧基格尔德霉素(17-KAG)对荷H460人非小细胞肺癌裸鼠移植瘤的抑癌效应.方法 过氧化氢法制备131I-17AAG.建立荷H460人非小细胞肺癌BALB/c裸鼠模型,28只荷瘤裸鼠按随机数字表法分为7组(n=4),瘤内和尾静脉注药各3组,剂量依次为5.5 MBq×2(间隔8 d)、11.0 MSq和5.5 MBq及空白对照组.另设Na131I瘤内给药对照组.8组分别于注药后2,6,24 h及2,3,7,10,16 d各取2只鼠行γ显像.观察肿瘤生长情况,16 d后处死全部小鼠,计算抑瘤率,并做光学显微镜、电镜及免疫组织化学检测.计量数据以x±s表示,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析.结果 SPECT显像证实131I-17-AAG靶向定位好,能较长时间聚集在瘤体内;各治疗组存在不同程度抑瘤效应,以瘤内间隔给药(5.5 MBq×2)组疗效最好,抑瘤率高达(86.77±4.57)%,尾静脉给药5.5 MBq×2组和11.0 MBq组间差异无统计学意义(q=1.67,P>0.05),余各组间抑瘤率差异均有统计学意义(q=3.16～24.34,P均<0.05);形态学显示抑瘤效应越好,瘤组织破坏越明显;免疫组织化学显示瘤内及尾静脉注药组热休克蛋白90(HSP90)a阳性率[分别为(26.01±3.71)%、(61.57±5.98)%]均较空白对照组[(84.13±5.71)%]下降(t值分别为20.91和6.68,P均<0.05).结论 131I-17-AAG能有效抑制裸鼠非小细胞肺癌的生长,以瘤内注药及间隔给药抑癌效应最佳.