Prostatic tissue ablation by injection: a literature review

PURPOSE: Most men 50 to 80 years old will have development of some degree of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Many who experience lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) will be treated medically. However, significant numbers will have more severe and progressive disease requiring surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate is the current gold standard of treatment for BPH. Minimally invasive therapies for symptomatic BPH emerge and fade continuously. However, intraprostatic injection for BPH has been used for more than 100 years and may be on the verge of a rebirth. The goal of this review is to familiarize the reader with the origins and history of intraprostatic injection, and its evolution using transperineal, transrectal and transurethral routes with multiple injectants. Initially used to treat urinary retention in men with BPH, its primary indication is now for LUTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a structured MEDLINE review of the literature on intraprostatic injections from 1966 to 2003, augmented with relevant articles from select journals and documents dating to 1832. RESULTS: In patients with BPH transperineal and transurethral injections have the most systematic evaluation. Most injectants will cause localized prostatic necrosis and gland volume reduction with varying degrees of LUTS relief. Anhydrous ethanol is the most widely studied injectable to date. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with each route of injection. CONCLUSIONS: Examined for more than a century, the potential for using injectables for prostatic tissue ablation remains significant. More systematic laboratory research and clinical trials, currently ongoing, need to be completed.     

Intra-articular treatment of arthritis with microsphere formulations of paclitaxel: biocompatibility and efficacy determinations in rabbits

Objectives:To assess the biocompatibility of controlled release microspheres prepared from different polymeric biomaterials in various size ranges in rabbit synovial joints and based on these data, design and evaluate the efficacy of an intra-articular, paclitaxel-loaded microspheres formulation in rabbit models of arthritis. Methods:Paclitaxel-loaded microspheres of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared in different size ranges and inflammatory responses monitored following injection into healthy rabbit joints. The efficacy of 20% paclitaxel-loaded PLA microspheres (35–105 m size range) injected intra-articularly into antigen and carrageenan induced rabbit models of arthritis was monitored. Results:Polymeric microspheres in the 35–105 m size range were biocompatible whereas smaller microspheres (1–20 m) produced an inflammatory response. Efficacy studies showed that injection of 20% paclitaxel-loaded PLA microspheres significantly reduced all measures of inflammation in the antigen arthritis rabbit model. Conclusions:Paclitaxel-loaded PLA microspheres in the 35–105 m size range, released paclitaxel in a controlled manner over several weeks, and may be a potential formulation for the intra-articular treatment of inflammation in arthritic conditions.Received 6 November 2003; returned for revision 12 January 2004; accepted by J. S. Skotnicki 8 March 2004     

Efficiency of percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration as a mode of sperm collection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in nonobstructive azoospermia

PURPOSE: We determined the feasibility of obtaining mature spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) by percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. We also compared the results of ICSI using spermatozoa recovered by open excisional biopsy versus percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 84 men with nonobstructive azoospermia underwent percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration to recover testicular spermatozoa for ICSI on the day of ova retrieval from the wife. Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration was performed with the patient under general anesthesia in the upper and lower poles of each testis. It was followed by immediate microscopic search of the aspirate to confirm the presence of spermatozoa. In the absence of spermatozoa open excisional biopsy was performed in the same setting. RESULTS: Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration resulted in the recovery of mature spermatozoa in 45 men (53.6%). Of the remaining 39 men (46.4%) requiring open biopsy adequate spermatozoa were recovered in 28 (71.8%). Although the fertilization rate was significantly higher in the sperm aspiration group, the cleavage and pregnancy rates were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration was a successful initial approach to collect mature spermatozoa in a high proportion of men with nonobstructive azoospermia. It is safe, minimally invasive and well tolerated by all patients.     

取卵日因手淫取精失败改行手术取精及时干预对于卵胞浆内单精子注射结局的影响

目的使用促性腺激素探讨取卵日因手淫取精失败改行手术取精对卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)结局的影响。方法回顾性分析了2007年1月至2010年7月行ICSI治疗,在取卵日因男方手淫取精失败而改行手术取精(PESA/TESA)的病例共25例,对照组选取因梗阻性无精子症行手术取精的病例共215例。比较两组ICSI治疗的受精率、卵裂率、优胚率、种植率、临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率以及畸形率。结果两组患者的基本情况:女方年龄、不孕年限、使用促性腺激素(Gn)的总量以及Gn的天数两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的妊娠情况:受精率、卵裂率、种植率、临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率两组之间相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的优胚率相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.032)。两组的畸形率均为0。结论 (1)手术日体外取精失败,改行手术取精后行ICSI妊娠结局相似,说明取卵日手淫取精失败进行PESA/TESA及时干预是一种有效的方法,可以避免错失治疗的最佳时机;(2)精神心理因素对于ICSI的妊娠结局有一定的影响,会造成受精率、卵裂率、优胚率、种植率以及临床妊娠率降低。     

顺铂腹腔灌注化疗联合静脉化疗治疗进展期胃肠道肿瘤近期疗效观察

为观察并评价顺铂(DDP)腹腔灌注化疗联合静脉化疗治疗进展期胃肠道肿瘤的近期疗效和不良反应,将54例进展期胃肠道肿瘤患者分成两组:单纯化疗组26例,其中胃癌14例采用HELF方案,大肠癌12例采用OLF方案;联合组28例,其中胃癌15例,大肠癌13例,先给予DDP腹腔灌注化疗,1周后加静脉化疗。静脉化疗方案同单纯化疗组。结果示,单纯化疗组CR1例,PR7例,NC10例,PD8例,有效率为30.8%(8/26);联合组CR2例,PR15例,NC7例,PD4例,有效率为60.7%(17/28)。治疗后的不良反应主要为消化系统毒性及骨髓抑制。初步研究结果提示,DDP腹腔灌注化疗联合静脉化疗治疗进展期胃肠道肿瘤近期疗效显著,值得临床研究。     

曲马多、吗啡、芬太尼术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛效应比较

目的:比较曲马多、吗啡、芬太尼术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的临床效应.方法:90例(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ)手术病人随机分成三组,T组(n=30)镇痛药液为0.6%曲马多 0.01%氟哌啶 0.15%布比卡因;M组(n=30)0.005%吗啡 0.01%氟哌啶 0.15%布比卡因;F组(n=30)0.0004%芬太尼 0.01%氟哌啶 0.15%布比卡因.采用佛山舒贝康(自控型)泵,选择负荷剂量 持续剂量 PCA给药模式,其剂量分别为5ml-2ml/h-0.5ml.结果:①镇痛效应:VAS评分M组＜T组＜F组(P＜0.01);②并发症恶心、呕吐发生率M组＞T组＞F组(16.6%～3.3%);嗜睡和瘙痒:M组＞T组＞F组.结论:术后行PCEA时,三种药物镇痛效应均较满意,以吗啡组为优,但副作用明显高于曲马多组和芬太尼组.     

针药并用治疗周围性面神经麻痹临床观察

[目的]观察针灸配合药物治疗周围性面神经麻痹的疗效。[方法]对临床30例周围性面神经麻痹患者运用针灸配合中西药物治疗,治疗结束后,观察分析临床疗效。[结果]痊愈10例;显效15例;好转3例;无效2例。[结论]早期治疗,及时的以针灸配合药物治疗周围性面瘫可缩短病程并取得了较好疗效。     

静脉推注速度对18 F-FES在血管壁残留的影响分析

目的：探索静脉推注速度对18 F-雌二醇（18 F-fluoroestradiol,18 F-FES）在血管壁残留的影响及其可能的改进措施。方法分别采用1 min（试验组）和2 min（对照组）静脉推注稀释后的18 F-FES 20 mL,对52例乳腺癌患者行18 F-FES PET／CT显像。观察患者注射前、后生命体征变化,并收集病史资料,从而分析血管壁残留发生的影响因素。结果52例患者中,24例在注射侧血管走形区域内出现显像剂残留,均呈条索状分布。试验组（20例）和对照组（32例）患者不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．332,P＞0．05）。试验组18F-FES在血管壁的残留发生率低于对照组（χ2＝22．148,P＜0．01）。经Logistic回归分析,推注速度可作为独立的影响因子（P＜0.01）。血管壁的药物残留在年龄、糖尿病、高脂血症以及近期有无化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗方面比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。结论采用20 mL／min静脉推注速度未增加患者不良反应发生率,且可减少18F-FES在血管壁的残留。     

发展监管科学，促进中药产业传承创新

2008年新药创制重大专项启动实施以来的10多年间,紧密围绕构建国家药物创新技术体系目标,为我国新药研发和公众用药安全提供了重要的保障,获得重大进展。药品监管科学是近十几年发展形成的前沿学科,受到世界科学界和管理界的重视。本文秉着中药监管科学发展与现实存在问题,需要理论创新、药物创新、技术创新、方法创新和应用创新。中药监管科学研究计划是国家推进的9个监管科学行动计划之一。启动以中药临床为导向的中药安全性评价研究,构建中药安全性和质量控制体系。作者认为通过监管科学研究,制定科学规范的中药质量标准和评价指导原则和技术指南,推进中药材、中药饮片和中成药,特别是经典名方制剂品种示范研究,有利于中药产业健康科学发展。在本文中还结合当前的中药监管科学问题,加强药材和饮片的基础研究、中药注射剂质量疗效的再评价研究、经典名方的开发和简化申请的监管科学研究,提出监管科学研究顶层设计建议,制定技术原则与技术指南,有利于药典品种和市场产品的质量和临床有效性再评价。