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41.
A new one-step computational procedure is presented for estimating the parameters of the nonlinear three-element windkessel
model of the arterial system incorporating a pressure-dependent compliance. The data required are pulsatile aortic pressure
and flow. The basic assumptions are a steadystate periodic regime and a purely elastic compliant element. By stating two conditions,
zero mean flow and zero mean power in the compliant element, peripheral and characteristic resistances are determined through
simple closed form formulas as functions of mean values of the square of aortic pressure, the square of aortic flow, and the
product of aortic pressure with aortic flow. The pressure across as well as the flow through the compliant element can be
then obtained so allowing the calculation of volume variation and compliance as functions of pressure. The feasibility of
this method is studied by applying it to both simulated and experimental data relative to different circulatory conditions
and comparing the results with those obtained by an iterative parameter optimization algorithm and with the actual values
when available. The conclusion is that the proposed method appears to be effective in identifying the three-element windkessel
even in the case of nonlinear compliance. 相似文献
42.
Dr. B. K. van Kreel N. Cox-Reyven P. Soeters 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1998,36(3):337-345
Multifrequency bio-electronic impedance analysis (MF BIA) measurements are taken from a heterogeneous group of patients, varying
in size between obese and slim. The measuring system uses four electrodes: two current and two potential electrodes. Three
new models are developed to calculate total body water (TBW) from the BIA data, and the resulting TBW values are compared
with TBW determined by D2O dilution. The results demonstrate that the most simple model provides the best TBW values. For individual patients, TBW
can be determined by means of bioimpedance measurement with an accuracy of 3 litres. In the most simple model (model 1), the
body is electrically represented by a cylinder, and corrections are made for the amount of fat. This is an extension of the
model used by Xitron. In the more advanced models (2 and 3), the body is represented by a cylinder for the trunk, and truncated
cones represent the arms and legs. In model 2, ΔTBW amounts to 3 litres. It is shown that the resistance of the trunk is proportional
to the square root of the length. In model 3, it is assumed that subcutaneous fat is a poor conductor if electric current.
An equation is developed that describes the partition of subcutaneous fat, and the fat layer is then removed from the cones
representing arms and legs and from the cylinder that models the trunk. 相似文献
43.
皮肤阻抗等效电路及经络低阻抗原因探讨 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
杨国平 《中国医学物理学杂志》1998,15(1):31-32
将矩形波电压通过两点电极加到人体皮肤表面,得到的电流波形是一些尖脉冲。经络线上的电流波形与非经络线上的波形有差别,表现为低电阻,高电容现象。产生高电容现象的机理目前尚不清楚。本文提出了一个等效电路并探讨了产生高电容现象的原因。 相似文献
44.
During orthostatic hypotension we evaluated whether presyncopal symptoms relate to a reduced brain oxygenation. Nine subjects performed 50° head-up tilt for 1 h and eight subjects were followed during 2 h of supine rest and during 1 h of 10° head-down tilt. Cerebral perfusion was assessed by transcranial Doppler determined middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA vmean), while brain blood oxygenation was assessed by near-infrared spectrophotometry determined concentration changes for oxygenated (ΔHbO2) and deoxygenated haemoglobin and brain cell oxygenation by the oxidized cytochrome c concentration (ΔCytO2). During head-up tilt, six volunteers developed presyncopal symptoms and mean arterial pressure (88 (78–103) to 68 (57–79) mmHg; median and range), heart rate (96 (72–111) to 65 (50–107) beats min?1), MCA vmean (59 (51–82) to 41 (29–56) cm s?1), ΔHbO2 (by ?5.3 (?3.0 to ?14.8) μmol l?1) and ΔCytO2 were reduced (by ?0.2 (?0.1 to ?0.4) μmol l?1; P < 0.05). During tilt down the cardiovascular variables recovered immediately and ΔHbO2 increased to 2.2 (?0.9–12.0) mmol L?1 above the resting value and also ΔCytO2 recovered. In the nonsyncopal head-up tilted subjects as in the controls, blood pressure, heart rate, MCA vmean and brain oxygenation indices remained stable. The results suggest that during orthostasis, presyncopal symptoms relate not only to cerebral hypoperfusion but also to reduced brain oxygenation. 相似文献
45.
D. Bienzle R. M. Jacobs J. H. Lumsden E. Grift L. Tarasov 《Comparative Haematology International》1994,4(3):162-166
Blood samples from 33 dogs, 28 cats, 24 horses and 25 cattle were analysed in duplicate on the Coulter Counter S-Plus IV and the Baker 9000 multichannel haematology analysers. The precisions of each instrument and the correlations between the instruments were evaluated. The precisions of both systems were good but, the Baker 9000 system showed more variability between duplicate determinations for all parameters. The Baker 9000 had better precision for white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and MCV. Correlations between the two instruments were excellent except for MCHC. Neither analyser reliably provided feline platelet counts and the Baker 9000 also failed to report error messages for 8 of 10 apparently false platelet counts. The Coulter instrument consistently reported higher haemoglobin concentrations and higher feline and lower canine white blood cell counts than the Baker 9000. 相似文献
46.
J. SVEDENHAG J. HENRIKSSON A. JUHLIN-DANNFELT K. ASANO 《Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)》1984,120(1):77-86
The effect of chronic β-adrenergic blockade on central circulatory adaptations to physical training was investigated. 16 healthy sedentary males (20–31 yrs) trained on cycle ergometers 40 min/day, 4 days a week for 8 weeks at a work load that during the last 5 weeks corresponded to 75% of the pretraining VO2 max. In a single blind way, 8 subjects were during the training period treated with the β-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol (160 mg/day), while the remaining 8 received placebo tablets. Pretraining tests were performed before the start of medication and posttraining tests were performed 6 days after the last day of training and medication. The training program resulted in a similar increase (8%) in VO2 max in both groups (p<0.01). The resting heart rate (-4 beats/min; p<0.05) as well as the exercise heart rate at a moderate work load (120 W: -11 beats/min; p<0.01) decreased with training, and no significant difference was seen between the 2 groups. At a high work load (180 W), however, the heart rate decreased significantly more with training in the placebo group as compared with the β-blockade group (-19 vs.-7 beats/min; p<0.05). The oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) increased in both groups at 120 W (+6%; p<0.01). At 180 W the oxygen pulse increased only in the placebo group (+8%; p<0.05). The estimated stroke volume at 120 and 180 W, as determined by impedance cardiography, did not change significantly with training although there was a tendency towards an increase in the placebo group only. The resting left ventricular wall thickness and diameter, as determined by echocardiography, did not change significantly with training in either group.—In conclusion, the present study indicates that a moderate degree of β-adrenergic blockade does not prevent or impair the training-induced increase in the maximal oxygen uptake. During submaximal work, however, the circulatory adaptation may be less apparent if training has been performed during partial blockade of the sympathoadrenal system. 相似文献
47.
The mechanical impedance of the ankle joint during electrical stimulation of the soleus is studied by applying constant-velocity
10° angular perturbations to the ankle and measuring the resultant torque. Both neurologically intact subjects and spinal
cord injured subjects are tested. Lumped, piecewise linear models are developed to predict the torque from the measured displacement
and acceleration signals. The commonly used second-order mass-spring-dashpot model fails to predict the changes in torque
that occur following imposed movements. A fiveelement, directionally-dependent piecewise linear model is much better at predicting
the measured responses for velocities up to 50° s−1. Numerical least squared error indentification techniques are used to estimate the model parameters for three neurologically
intact and three spinal cord injured subjects. The average error between the model’s response and the measured response across
all subjects is 10·9%. There is some evidence that a velocity-dependent non-linear model could produce better results than
the directionally-dependent piecewise linear model. 相似文献
48.
The site and concentration dependence of the blocking effect of Ba2+ onNecturus gallbladder epithelium has been investigated. A new approach was used which combines time-dependent electrical cell coupling
analysis with intermittently performed measurements of transepithelial and apparent intracellular impedance. From the coupling
pulse data the sum of apical and basolateral membrane conductances is obtained, which is then held constant during fitting
of the impedance data. This combination technique yields more reliable estimates of apical and basolateral membranes resistances
(R
a,R
bl) and of tight junction resistance (R
j) than our previous impedance analysis technique. Using the new approach we have found that luminal Ba2+ concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/l increaseR
a with saturation-type kinetics without affectingR
bl andR
j, while higher luminal Ba2+ concentrations progressively increaseR
j. Corresponding effects were observed under serosal Ba2+. The results validate the new impedance analysis approach and demonstrate that millimolar concentrations of Ba2+ block tight junction conductances. Accordingly, Ba2+ can no longer be considered a tool to exclusively alter cell membrane resistances in epithelia. 相似文献
49.
González-Correa CA Brown BH Smallwood RH Kalia N Stoddard CJ Stephenson TJ Haggie SJ Slater DN Bardhan KD 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2000,38(4):373-376
It has previously been shown that it is possible to differentiate between squamous and columnar epithelia in rat and resected
human tissues using an impedance probe to makein vitro measurements. This probe can be passed down an endoscope allowing measurements to be made in patients. However, the probe
emerges parallel to the oesophageal wall, with little room to manoeuvre. The conditions of control required to give reliable
readings have been investigated. The importance of pressure applied and the angle of approach to the oesophagus was assessed.
Pressures in the range 26.6 Pa to 46.3 kPa and angles in the range 15–90 degrees were considered. Inin vitro studies it was observed that it was possible to obtain consistent readings with pressures greater than 2.9 kPa and with angles
greater than 15 degrees between the probe and the oesophagus. These conditions can be achievedin vivo, and readings obtained from twelve patients are shown (45 readings on normal squamous, 34 on Barrett's oesophagus and 22
on stomach). At low frequencies (9.6–153.2 kHz), a Mann-Whitney test shows a significant difference (p<0.001) when comparing
the means from squamous and columnar, and also when readings from Barrett's and normal gastric epithelia are compared (p<0.001). 相似文献
50.
David E. Clapham Louis J. de Felice 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1976,366(2-3):273-276
Summary The small signal impedance of the frog node is calculated for frequencies from 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz and transmembrane potentials from –80 mV to –30 mV by linearizing the voltage clamp equations of Dodge [7] and Hille [8]. The modulus of the impedance is presented for the total system, and separately for the potassium and sodium systems as a function of frequency and voltage. There is a broad resonance in the total impedance with a voltage-dependent peak frequency. At 22°C, in the range –75 mV to –45 mV, the peak frequencies occur between 50 and 500 Hz. Removing the potassium system leaves a relatively shapr resonance centered around 200 Hz at –45 mV. 相似文献