内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术对医源性胆道损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP）对医源性胆道损伤的诊断与治疗价值。方法行常规胆管造影,透视下发现胆管梗阻时,如发现胆管完全梗阻或已中断,即停止操作;如发现胆管狭窄,采用扩张探条和柱状扩张气囊行狭窄段扩张,再放置塑料内置管。发现造影剂外溢时,如为肝外胆管漏,引流管置于肝内胆管,如为肝内胆管漏,则置于接近漏口的胆管中。发现胆管结石时,如条件许可则行括约肌切开取石。结果18例患者中13例成功接受内镜下治疗,其中9例患者疗效满意,避免了再次手术,疗效满意率69.2%,其余9例患者,除1例病情恶化外均接受手术治疗。该组未发生与内镜操作有关的并发症和死亡。结论对于手术造成的胆道损伤,ERCP不仅具有定性和定位的诊断意义,而且具有一定的治疗作用,多数的胆漏患者和部分胆管狭窄患者可通过内镜治疗痊愈,避免了再次手术的创伤。     

医源性胆管损伤的原因、处理及教训

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因、处理方式及预防方法。方法回顾性分析我院1998年2月至2009年12月收治的医源性胆管损伤14例的临床资料。结果 14例中10例发生于胆囊切除术、1例发生于内镜下括约肌切开术（EST？、2例发生于胆总管探查、1例发生于胃大部切除术。其中高位胆管损伤5例、胆总管上段损伤6例、胆总管下段损伤2例、胆总管肝总管热源性凝固性坏死闭塞1例。治愈12例,死亡2例。结论胆囊切除术是医源性胆管损伤的首要原因,时刻警惕胆管损伤的潜在危险,术中仔细操作,是预防胆管损伤的唯一方法;胆管损伤的早期诊断及合理的胆道重建和有效的引流是挽救患者生命的关键。     

ICU患者困难撤机的医源性因素分析

目的研究导致ICU患者困难撤机的医源性因素。方法比较2007年3月～2010年3月间我院ICU收治的接受机械通气治疗的患者,分析困难撤机组与成功脱机组患者临床资料。结果困难撤机组患者气管切开率、较细口径导管使用率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、意外拔管率、撤机不当率等明显高于成功脱机组,具有显著统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论人工气道建立方式、导管口径、院内感染、呼吸机管道的管理、撤机策略等是ICU患者困难撤机的医源性因素。     

医源性低钠血症对慢性心力衰竭的预后价值

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭患者医源性低钠血症的预后价值。方法对2004年1月至2009年12月我院心内科入院资料完整的慢性心力衰竭患者进行回顾性分析,除外入院即刻血清钠离子浓度135mmol/L的患者,共786例,根据入院24h、48h血清钠离子浓度最低值分为三组:A组Na+≥135mmol/L;B组Na+120～135mmol/L;C组≤120mmol/L。比较各组心功能、血清钾离子浓度、住院病死率等指标。结果住院期间存活714例,死亡72例,存活组与死亡组血清钠离子浓度分别为(134.00±5.83)mmol/L和(121.00±7.15)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而血清钾离子浓度分别为(4.4±0.6)mmol/L和(4.3±0.8)mmol/L,没有统计学差异(P0.05)。三组住院病死率分别为:A组7.8%(36/461),B组8.0%(23/289),C组36.1%(13/36),C组分别与A组和B组比较,均有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论医源性低钠血症是慢性心力衰竭患者预后不良的重要危险因素之一,应采取积极措施避免其发生。     

Human embryonic stem cells rapidly take up and then clear exogenous human and animal prions in vitro

Susceptibility to prion infection involves interplay between the prion strain and host genetics, but expression of the host-encoded cellular prion protein is a known prerequisite. Here we consider human embryonic stem cell (hESC) susceptibility by characterizing the genetics and expression of the normal cellular prion protein and by examining their response to acute prion exposure. Seven hESC lines were tested for their prion protein gene codon 129 genotype and this was found to broadly reflect that of the normal population. hESCs expressed prion protein mRNA, but only low levels of prion protein accumulated in self-renewing populations. Following undirected differentiation, up-regulation of prion protein expression occurred in each of the major embryonic lineages. Self-renewing populations of hESCs were challenged with infectious human and animal prions. The exposed cells rapidly and extensively took up this material, but when the infectious source was removed the level and extent of intracellular disease-associated prion protein fell rapidly. In the absence of a sufficiently sensitive test for prions to screen therapeutic cells, and given the continued use of poorly characterized human and animal bioproducts during hESC derivation and cultivation, the finding that hESCs rapidly take up and process abnormal prion protein is provocative and merits further investigation.     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗现状

Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a severe complication in general surgery, especially during laparos-eopic cholecystectomy. Many factors may cause IBDi, in which the conscientiousness, skill and experience of the surgeons play a more important role than the abnormal anatomy and patholo-gical changes of the patient. The Bismuth's classification, which originated from the era of open surgery, does not cover the whole spectrum of bile duct injuries. Strasberg's classification made a supplement by including other types of extrahepatie bile duct injuries. The variation of opportunities leads to different thera-peutic strategies. When the injuries are diagnosed intraopera-tively, a conversion to open surgery is the option of choice, and the prosthesis should be performed by a more experienced surgeon. If the bile duct injury is diagnosed in the early stage after operation, therapeutic principles are as follows: biliary peritonitis often required an emergency reoperation, while extra-peritoneal drainage is taken for patients with simple biliary leak. The most serious postoperative complication after IBDI is steno-sis, sometimes followed by fistula. Sufficient preoperative prepa-ration is essential, which includes controlling the biliary tract infection, improving the liver and renal function and nutritional state of the patient.     

Ignorance is bliss: the Listerian revolution and education of American surgeons

PURPOSE: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867. American surgeons, entrenched in the old ways of 19th century medicine, failed to adopt Lister's methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Examples of the hubris and arrogant thinking displayed by early American surgeons are best shown by Thomas Eakins' masterpiece, The Gross Clinic, and by the death of President James Garfield. RESULTS: Samuel Gross, preeminent American surgeon in 1875 boldly revealed in The Gross Clinic, and the team of distinguished surgeons using outdated methods caring for Garfield in 1881, illustrate American surgeons' woeful disdain and disregard of sterile surgical methods. CONCLUSIONS: Public outcry over the failure of some of America's best surgeons led to widespread adoption of antiseptic surgery by the late 1880s and introduction of basic science into the medical education by the dawn of the new century.     

A Guide to Performing Pelvic Speculum Exams: A Patient-Centered Approach to Reducing Iatrogenic Effects

Purpose: Current training in the United States for pelvic speculum examinations (PSEs) has a primary focus on the physician-centered goal of visualizing the cervix but may not inform practitioners of potential iatrogenic effects. Such oversight leaves trainees unprepared and unskilled in preventing and addressing adverse outcomes. This article incorporates a literature review into a step-by-step guide to aid the teaching of PSEs. Summary: Iatrogenic effects of PSEs may include mild discomfort, extreme pain, anxiety, psychological (re)traumatization, and sexual pain disorders. A literature-based guide is presented to identify patients at risk for adverse outcomes, set up the exam room, set up the patient, perform the exam, calm distressed patients, and avoid exam-interfering behaviors. Conclusions: Although PSEs can lead to adverse outcomes, awareness of the iatrogenic effects allows clinicians to utilize techniques to prevent or reduce negative effects. A method of incorporating techniques described in this article into teaching is provided.     

Bronchopleural Fistula in A Neonate

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) produced by endotracheal suction catheter is a known cause of persistent pneumothorax in preterm infants in intensive care nurseries. This report describes the pulmonary pathology of a neonate who had sustained this injury. The observation suggests that the abnormal airflow results in severe damage of the involved lobe and an unusually mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the rest of the lung. This is in agreement with the fact that BPF acts as the path of least resistance for the oxygen-rich air from the ventilator.