Transmesocolic Herniation of Small Bowel Following Colonic Interposition

This report focuses on iatrogenic transmesocolic hernia causing small bowel obstruction following colonic interposition. Of 45 patients undergoing visceral esophageal substitution using colon, three developed small bowel obstruc-. tion due to internal herniation of a loop of small bowel through a defect in the mesocolon. Awareness of this unique cause of small bowel obstruction following colonic interposition and institution of early surgical treatment will prevent irreparable intestinal damage associated with internal Hernias.     

医源性输尿管损伤

目的　探讨医源性输尿管损伤的原因、类型、处理和预防。方法　回顾性分析了 11例医源性输尿管损伤的临床资料。治疗方法为输尿管逆行内支架管插管引流 2例 ;输尿管修补术 1例 ;输尿管端端吻合术 6例 ;膀胱瓣管法输尿管再吻合术 2例。结果　 1例肾积水 ,余肾功能均正常。结论　医源性输尿管损伤的早期与后期诊断有所不同 ,治疗要达到恢复排尿通路和肾功能两个目的。熟悉局部解剖 ,细致规范手术是预防医源性输尿管损伤的关键。     

抗甲状腺药物致肝损害42例临床分析

目的 :探讨抗甲状腺药物 (ATD)引起肝损害的临床特点、治疗及转归。方法 :对 4 2例因服用ATD致肝损害患者进行回顾性分析。结果 :亚临床肝损害不需停用ATD ,加用保肝药绝大多数 1个月之内治愈 ;显著肝损害者除立即停用ATD外 ,通过保肝、降酶、利胆等综合治疗 ,大多数也可好转或治愈 ,但前者疗效明显高于后者 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :肝损害可发生于ATD治疗的全过程 ,但绝大多数发生在开始治疗的前 3个月 ,故应常规定期监测肝功能 ,尤其在治疗的前 3个月 ,以避免肝损害的发生。     

Effects of chemotherapy on testicular functions

Of 26 previously normospermic patients treated with MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prenisone) for Hodgkin's disease, 22 had azoospermia, 2 had severe oligozoospermia below 0.1 times 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml, 2 had 5 times 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increased significantly in all but 2 patients, but the luteinizing hormone (LH) increase was not significant. Prolactin, testosterone and 17β-oestradiol levels were unmodified. Chemotherapy is widely used for malignant and non-malignant diseases, the various drugs having different levels of toxicity. In order to prevent male sterility as a result of chemotherapy, the physician must choose the therapeutic agents carefully and may recommend cryopreservation of the patient's semen prior to therapy. In addition, the minimize the hazards of chemotherapy, the testis may be cooled during drug infusion and the germinal epithelium may be put to rest by desensitization through a LH releasing hormone analog.     

Transplantation of ocular tissue from a donor with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

BACKGROUND: One definite, one probable and several possible transmissions of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) have followed corneal transplantation. We report an incident in the UK in 1997 in which both corneas and scleras from a donor, subsequently confirmed to have had sCJD, were transplanted. The final clinical outcome for two surviving recipients is still not yet known. CASE REPORT: In 1997, a 56-year-old woman died from biopsy-proven carcinoma of the bronchus. Both eyes were donated for transplantation. Shortly before she died, she had developed neurological symptoms thought to be due to brain metastases. However, the final result of a neurological post-mortem examination revealed evidence of sCJD. By this time the corneas had been transplanted, one 3 months previously into a 40-year-old man for keratoconus and the other 4 months previously into an 85-year-old woman for Fuchs' dystrophy. In addition, both scleras had been transplanted into a 36-year-old man undergoing oculoplastic reconstructive surgery. The surgeons and patients were informed and removal of tissue was advised but undertaken in only two of the patients. Immunohistochemistry failed to demonstrate the presence of the abnormal form of the prion protein in explanted tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Eight years after the event, two patients remain free of symptoms suggestive of iatrogenic CJD (http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/criteria.htm). The third having died aged 92 years, some 7 years after surgery, showing signs of dementia not considered indicative of iatrogenic CJD. Nevertheless this adverse incident attracted substantial publicity. Coupled with continuing concerns in the UK about person-to-person transmission of variant CJD, this has lead to a number of important consequences in donor eye retrieval, ocular tissue banking and transplantation.     

Pneumothorax

Spontaneous pneumothoraces can occur without obvious underlying lung disease (primary) or in patients with known underlying lung disease (secondary). Management guidelines for spontaneous pneumothorax have been published by major professional organizations, but awareness and application among clinicians seems poor. First episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax can be managed with observation if the pneumothorax is small. If the pneumothorax is large or if the patient is symptomatic, manual aspiration via a small catheter or insertion of a small-bore catheter coupled to a Heimlich valve or water-seal device, should be performed. In general, definitive measures to prevent recurrence are recommended after the first recurrence of the pneumothorax, and can be achieved by medical (e.g. talc) or surgical (video-assisted thoracic surgery) pleurodesis. Secondary pneumothoraces should be treated with chest tube drainage followed by pleurodesis after the first episode to minimize any risk of recurrence. Traumatic pneumothoraces may be occult (not seen on an initial CXR) or non-occult. The majority are treated by placement of a chest tube. Selected patients may be treated conservatively, with approximately 10% of these patients eventually requiring chest tube placement. Iatrogenic pneumothoraces have a myriad of causes with transthoracic lung needle biopsy being most common. Transthoracic needle biopsy-related pneumothoraces have CT findings that can predict their occurrence and the need for chest tube placement. Iatrogenic pneumothoraces, regardless of cause, may be managed by observation or small bore chest tube placement, depending upon patient stability and the size of the pneumothorax.     

医源性血管腔内异物的处理及预防

目的探讨介入诊疗时预防和处理血管腔内异物的方法。方法15例介入诊疗过程中发生血管腔内异物患者,其中男性6例,女性9例;年龄21～70岁,中位年龄50.6岁。先天性心脏病动脉导管未闭1例;房间隔缺损2例;下腔静脉滤器置入1例;冠心病3例;肾功能衰竭2例;左髂内动脉开口处动脉瘤1例;下腔静脉临时滤器取出1例;经股动脉插管介入诊疗4例。在介入治疗过程中取出异物,并结合文献讨论其预防和处理的方法。结果15例血管腔内异物的患者12例通过介入方法安全取出异物,3例结合外科切开取出,无一例严重并发症发生。结论介入诊疗中,施术者一定要细心,避免粗暴操作,一旦发生血管腔内异物,用介入方法或结合外科手术切开处理是较为理想的方案。     

Evidence of the principle of similitude in modern fatal iatrogenic events

Samuel Hahnemann attributed fundamental importance to the principle of similitude, promoting it to a 'natural law'. Observing that enantiopathic or allopathic treatment produced enduring aggravation of the disease symptoms after a brief and transitory initial relief, he systematised homeopathic treatment, prescribing substances that provoke similar symptoms in healthy individual. Based on clinical and experimental observations, he anticipated the concept of homeostasis, dividing the effects of substances into: primary action of the medicine followed by secondary action or reaction of the organism. This reaction, known as the rebound effect or paradoxical action by modern pharmacology, used to awake the curative response of the body when the principle of similitude is applied, is responsible for several iatrogenic diseases when used on the basis of the principle of contraries. This study discusses the role of this paradoxical reaction of the organism in the fatal side effects of four important drugs, used according to the model of enantiopathic treatment of the symptoms. I present evidence relating to acetylsalicylic acid, rofecoxib, antidepressants and long-acting bronchodilators. The consequences of the allopathic treatment could be decreased if health professionals valued homeostasis, minimising the rebound effect of the organism by gradual suspension of palliative drugs.     

医源性肾动脉损伤介入栓塞术的观察及护理

[目的]总结行介入肾动脉栓塞术前及术后的观察及护理。[方法]对14例医源性肾动脉损伤行介入栓塞治疗病人的护理,包括术前维持生命体征平稳、保持尿管通畅、宣教、心理护理等;术后密切观察病情变化、积极处理栓塞后综合征等。[结果]14例病人随访10个月～49个月,所有病人在术后2d～21d肉眼血尿均消失。其中1例在栓塞后13个月因术侧肾区钝性外伤再次出现血尿,再次介入栓塞后,继续随访14个月未见血尿复发。[结论]在经导管肾动脉节段性栓塞术（SRAE）的护理过程中,术前维持血压稳定、保持尿管通畅、术后监测生命体征、密切观察尿色的变化、积极处理栓塞后综合征是手术成功的保证。