Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide in the social behavior of dominant and submissive mice

Acutely infected animals show a set of non-specific behavioral changes known as sickness behavior. Recent studies have shown that occurrence of sickness behavior is regulated according to a motivational perspective. Thus, the display of sickness behavior may compete with display of other behaviors. In this work, we sought to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (15 microg/mouse i.p.) in the social behavior of dominant and submissive mice. Results showed that social hierarchy influences the expression of sickness behavior. While dominant mice treated with LPS showed an expected reduction in total frequency of behaviors displayed, such decrease did not happen following the same treatment to submissive mice. Similar results occurred regarding social and aggressive behavior. The use of a motivational perspective provides the assumption that, due to their high social ranking, dominant mice were able to prioritize recuperative behavior. Submissive mice, on the other hand, even though treated with LPS, seemed to essentially focus on social defensive behaviors since they remained in the presence of the dominant individuals. Effects of sickness on the hierarchical organization of mice remain to be further investigated.     

To eat or not to eat; regulation by the melanocortin system

The central melanocortin (MC) system is one of the best-characterized neuropeptidergic systems involved in the regulation of energy balance. This short review describes the role of the central MC system in feeding behavior. Pharmacological, anatomical and genetic studies show that activation of the MC system reduces meal size, whereas de-activation of the MC system increases meal size. Several brain regions, including distinct hypothalamic nuclei and the hindbrain, are involved in this process. Further dissection of MC pathways in feeding behavior is the subject of recent and probably future studies. As the MC system is involved in animal models of obesity and (possibly) anorexia, it appears that this is a target system for development of drugs for the treatment of disturbed human eating behavior.     

Effect of 5HT2C-receptor agonist MK-212 on blood corticosterone level and behavior in mice

A dose-dependent the effect of 5HT_2C-receptor agonist MK-212 on mouse behavior was demonstrated. Intraperitoneal injection of MK-212 in high doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) increased blood level of corticosterone in mice and reduced their motor activity. In low doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, the agonist reduced anxiety, but had no effect on motor activity. It is hypothesized that low doses of MK-212 exhibited anxiolytic activity in mice. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 142, No. 11, pp. 541–544, November, 2006     

公务员组织公民行为结构研究

目的对公务员组织公民行为结构进行研究并编制公务员组织公民行为问卷。方法采用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析等方法进行研究。结果公务员的组织公民行为由公民美德、助人行为、责任意识、忠于组织4个维度构成,可解释总变异的64．754％,问卷的a系数和分半信度分别为0．8160和0．8115。结论该组织公民行为问卷具有较好的信度、效度。     

直肠癌术中保留盆腔自主神经对男性排尿及性功能的影响

目的探讨直肠癌根治术中保留盆腔自主神经（PANP）对男性排尿及性功能的影响。方法以问卷彤式调查48例直肠癌患者PANP手术和24例非PANP手术前、后的排尿功能和性功能，比较分析行直肠癌根治术的PANP组和非PANP组患者术后排尿和性功能指标及直肠癌的局部复发率。结果PANP组患者术后排尿及性功能部分指标优于对照组（P〈0．05），两组术后局部癌肿复发率比较尤显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论直肠癌患者根治术中实施PANP，既不增加局部癌肿复发率，还可以改善患者的排尿和性功能，提高患者的生存质量。     

武汉市4～16岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍分型的调查分析

目的:了解武汉市4~16岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的流行病学情况。方法:对武汉市2188名4~16岁儿童进行注意及多动问题量表评分,该量表按照DSM-Ⅳ的ADHD诊断标准编写,并以DSM-Ⅳ标准对可疑患儿及其家长进行诊断性访谈,将ADHD患者分为注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I)、多动-冲动为主型(ADHD-HI)和混合型(ADHD-C)。量表还包括Achenbach's儿童行为量表(父母用)和Conners教师量表。结果:(1)ADHD患病率13.58%,其中ADHD-C型2.63%,ADHD-I型8.27%,ADHD-HI型2.68%;男童患病率18.58%,女童患病率8.78%,男女患病率之比为2.12:1。(2)不同年龄段ADHD的患病率差异有显著性,4~5岁组15.88%,6~11岁组15.85%,12~16岁组9.98%。随着年龄的增加,ADHD的患病率呈下降趋势,尤其是ADHD-HI组患病率下降得更明显,但ADHD-I型却呈坡型上升,特别是6~11岁男性组发病比例高达12.19%:(3)ADHD儿童和正常儿童的社交能力有显著差异。(4)无论何种年龄段和性别,ADHD儿童的行为问题评分都高于正常儿童,而且随着年龄的增长,ADHD儿童的行为问题因子也增加。结论:在DSM-Ⅳ定义的三个表型中ADHD-I型患病率高,尤其是6~11岁男性组患病率最高,年龄和性别对表型分布有影响。     

医学生心理健康与行为类型的相关性研究

目的探讨医学生心理健康与行为类型特点之间的关系,为医学生心理健康教育提供理论依据,方法术用症状自评量表,A型行为问卷对大学三年级医学生进行集体测验．对测量数据进行统计处理。结果①医学生中A型行为类型者比B型行为类型者有更多心理问题．心理健康的程度更低;②男医学生A型行为类型者与B型行为类型者的心理健康水平相差较大,而女医学生相差较小;③A型行为类型的两个核心特点,“时间紧迫感”与医学生心理健康的关系不突出,“过分竞争和敌意”与医学生心理健康特别是“敌对”心理有显著相关（P〈0．05）,并存在性别差异。结论A型行为类型的医学生心理健康水平比B型行为类型的差;“过分竞争和敌意”的医学生表现出较高的“敌对”心理;均存在性别差异。     

大学生自杀心理与行为及预防对策的研究

目的 探索大学生自杀心理与行为的成因,为大学生自杀干预研究提供依据。方法 本研究采用文献综述法、个案追踪法、现场访谈和回顾性分析等方法对2001年以来沈阳地区以及我国部分地区的大学生自杀案例进行调查。结果 从自杀原因来看,情感挫折占首位,其次是心理障碍,再挺是就业压力,其余分别为经济问题、人际关系、身体丧病、学业压力以及家庭变故等原因也是促使大学生选择自杀的重要影响因素;从年级来看,自杀大学生主要集中在一年级和四年级;从死亡类型来看,多采用跳楼自杀,其次是服毒自杀,在个别方式上有所差异;从季节来看,春季和秋季是多发期。结论 大学生自杀已经成为不可忽视的社会问题,必须得到全社会和各高校的关注。     

Analysis of the influence of therapy and viral suppression on high-risk sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Taiwan

This study examined the effects of certain characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients related to the risks of practising unprotected sex (UPS) among 919 HIV-infected patients who attended the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic of the Taipei City STD Control Center, Taiwan, during the period January–July 2004. After learning that they were HIV-positive, 517 (56%) subjects had practised UPS, 476 (52%) had a new STD diagnosis, and 106 (12%) had used some form of injected drug. UPS was reported by 76% of homosexual/bisexual males, 19% of heterosexual males and 5% of females, and was reported more often by those individuals with casual sexual partners (p < 0.001). According to multivariate logistic regression analyses, UPS was associated with male-tomale sexual intercourse (OR 2.46; 95% CI 1.26–4.86, p < 0.001), with casual sexual partners (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.62–4.88, p < 0.001), and with an individual's knowledge of his/her HIV status for > 11 years (OR 2.06; 95% CI 1.02–4.18, p < 0.05). Although using anti-retroviral therapy to prevent sexual transmission of HIV is rational, the avoidance of at-risk sexual behaviour should also be a priority among HIV-seropositive individuals. Ongoing risk-reduction counselling related to HIV transmission is needed to reduce certain sexual behaviours associated with HIV transmission.     

青少年性与生殖健康教育干预的效果证据及决策思考

目的：对青少年性和生殖健康的干预决策及今后研究提供建议。方法：世界卫生组织 （WHO）将生殖健康的Cochrane 系统评价通过生殖健康图书馆（RHL）提供给全世界。检索RHL（2009,第 12 版）中所有有关青少年性与生殖健康干预的系统评价,并对其评价结果和方法进行综合评述。结果：共 纳入7 篇系统评价,其中包括168 项干预研究,研究对象至少包括了147 265名青少年。系统评价的结局 指标包括知识、态度、避孕套应用意愿、禁欲增多、初次性交年龄、性伴数、性交频率、无保护性交、避孕应 用、避孕套应用、性传播疾病（STD）诊断病例及服务利用共计12 项指标。系统评价结果显示：①干预后青 少年的知识明显改善。②态度和避孕意愿亦有改善。③青少年初次性交年龄有所推迟,性交频率有所减 少。④青少年在干预后性伴数减少、无保护危险性行为减少。⑤避孕行为,尤其是避孕套应用增加较为肯 定。结论：综合7 项系统评价的结果可以看出,目前青少年性与生殖健康教育干预有轻或中等效果;但不 少的干预研究在设计方面及系统评价对研究的有效性评估上有明显缺陷,需要加强和改进。