海洛因依赖者暴露情况调查

目的:了解海洛因依赖者暴露情况,引起有关部门注意。方法:对100名海洛因依赖者在采集病史时用自行设计的《海洛因依赖者暴露情况调查表》进行调查。结果:海洛因依赖者从吸食开始到被家庭主要成员怀疑吸毒的间隔时间12±s6月;从吸食到被家庭主要成员发现的间隔时间18±s6月;其中长期同家人居住生活者较易被家庭怀疑和发现,在吸毒1a以内被怀疑和发现者分别占81%和59%。从吸食到被强制戒毒间隔的时间36±s12月;从吸食到被劳教戒毒的时间54±s18月。其中长期与家庭分住生活者较早被强制(25-36月,占54%)、劳教戒毒(37-60月,占62%)。结论:海洛因依赖者从吸毒到被家庭成员怀疑、发现间隔时间较长;被强制、劳教戒毒似晚。但与家人同住生活者相对较易被家庭成员怀疑、发现,但被强制、劳教戒毒较晚。应引起家庭、社会关注。     

快速脱毒加纳曲酮栓植入治疗海洛因依赖疗效观察

目的:寻找一种安全、有效、可靠、病人能够接受的治疗方法,以降低海洛因依赖病人的复吸率。方法:使用全麻下快速药物拮抗脱毒加纳曲酮栓植入方法,治疗海洛因依赖69例,并通过随访的方式跟踪治疗效果。结果:植入长效纳曲酮缓释栓6个月后,患者对海洛因渴求程度分值从植入前2.21±s0.58降至0.21±s0.14,再尝试海洛因率从81.25%降至5.00%。肝功能与植入前相比无明显变化。结论:全麻快速脱毒加长效纳曲酮缓释栓植入的治疗方法安全、有效、可靠,值得推广使用。     

165例参加美沙酮维持治疗人员的人口学特征和药物滥用情况

目的:了解参加美沙酮维持治疗人员的人口学特征及药物滥用的基本情况。方法:采用国家药物滥用监测中心设计的《药物滥用监测调查表》,对门诊2005年6月至2007年6月收治的165例美沙酮维持治疗的海洛因依赖者进行调查。结果:165例参加美沙酮维持治疗的人员中,男性135例(81.8%),女性30例(18.2%);年龄35a±s4.32a;已婚61例,占37.0%,未婚76例,占46.1%;无业148例,占89.7%,个体13例,占7.9%;初中及以下125例,占75.8%;高中及以上40例,占24.2%。初次滥用药物的年龄最小17a,最大50(21±s2.46)a;滥用药物年限最短2a,最长17(10±s1.84)a;64.2%的人员滥用的主要药物为海洛因;63.0%人员的滥用场所为居家住所/朋友家;88.5%人员的药物在居住地获得;78.2%人员的药物由同伴提供;滥用药物的原因多种,好奇占的比例最大(57.0%);80.6%人员的滥用方式以注射为主,但只有2例与他人共用过注射器;进入美沙酮维持治疗前,80.0%人员每日滥用药物量在1.5g以内,94.5%的人员每日药物花费(人民币)在900元以内;滥用药物资费来源,以个人收入/积蓄和家人/亲戚提供为主;既往脱毒次数多在2次以上,前次脱毒后至再次滥用药物天数,94.5%在100天以内;因滥用药物感染传染性疾病存在。结论:参加美沙酮维持治疗人员以30a以上,男性、未婚、无业、初中及以下文化者为主;初始滥用年龄低,药物依赖持续时间长,多药滥用;采用注射方式滥用者多;存在艾滋病等传播性疾病的危险。希望美沙酮维持治疗能够改变他们的危险行为,提高其个人、家庭及社会功能。     

海洛因依赖者血清瘦素水平及其与骨密度的关系

目的:了解吸毒人员血清瘦素水平的改变情况及其与骨密度的关系.方法:测定男女海洛因依赖者各20名以及32名年龄、性别相匹配的非吸毒对照人员的体重、身高,计算体重指数(BMI),用放射免疫分析法测定海洛因依赖者戒毒前后以及对照人员血清瘦素水平,单能X测定吸毒人员优势足跟骨密度(BMD).结果:海洛因依赖组戒毒前后的血清瘦素水平均比对照组低(P＜0.01),且戒毒后血清瘦素水平比戒毒前还要低(P＜0.05);女性的海洛因依赖者血清瘦素水平比男性高(P＜0.05);血清瘦素水平与BMD的高低、吸毒年限长短及每周吸毒剂量的多少比较无统计学意义.结论:吸毒使体重指数严重下降造成血清瘦素水平下降,但血清瘦素水平下降并未影响骨密度.     

海洛因依赖者脑诱发电位研究

目的探讨海洛因依赖者听觉诱发电位和视觉诱发电位的变化特点及其应用。方法使用意大利百胜有限公司Galileo Sirius全数字化32导脑诱发电位仪对32例海洛因依赖者和30例正常人听觉诱发电位和视觉诱发电位的变化进行对照分析。结果海洛因依赖者具有以下特点(1)与正常人比较,海洛因依赖者AEP,VEP波形稳定性差、清晰度降低、粗糙,偶有切迹或双峰波,尤以主波群(N1-P2-N2)最明显;(2)与正常人比较,海洛因依赖者AEP,VEP中波N1,P3潜伏期延长(P<0.05),波P2,N2潜伏期缩短(P<0.05),同时N1-P2,P2-N2、P2波幅降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论海洛因依赖者的AEP,VEP有一定特点,结合吸毒史、戒断症状和尿检吗啡阳性等指标对其诊断具有很大意义。     

海洛因依赖者出现精神症状的临床分析及护理

目的:探讨海洛因依赖者出现精神症状的临床特点并制订相应的护理措施。方法:选用《简明精神病量表》(BPRS)筛选出海洛因依赖者120例,按焦虑抑郁、缺乏活力、激活性、思维障碍和敌对猜疑等5个因子及其等级进行临床分析。结果:120例患者BPRS分为42·56±s8·31。各项因子分中,焦虑抑郁因子占首位,其后依次为思维障碍因子,缺乏活力因子、敌对猜疑因子以及激活性因子。结论:海洛因依赖者普遍存在焦虑抑郁情绪;多数存在感知和思维方面的精神症状。根据海洛因依赖者精神症状的特点有必要拟定合理护理措施,以解除患者的精神和躯体依赖,使其早日康复回归社会。     

Substance use in pregnancy: do we care?

Two cohorts of substance-using women were compared retrospectively. From 1969 to 1979 a very high perinatal mortality rate (PMR 9.8%) was found among 92 polydrug-using women (1 twin excluded). Preterm delivery occurred in 25% of all pregnancies and in 30% of the children birth weight was below the 10th percentile. Nineteen women using heroin only had a worse fetal outcome (PMR 32%, preterm delivery in 47%, birth weight < 10th percentile in 42%). These results led to a strict surveillance system. In the period 1980–1989, 240 women (4 twins excluded) delivered after 16 weeks. Total fetal loss decreased to 2.1% and PMR to 0.4%, which was similar to results in controls. However, 22% of the women still delivered before 37 weeks and 27% delivered a child < 10th percentile. Methadone-using women were able to halve their dosage during pregnancy and 16 were detoxified. Multivariate analysis within the substance users of the second cohort showed that the neonatal abstinence syndrome, but not the (registered) amount of opiates used, was related to a lower birth weight. Not coping with prenatal care was related to a shorter pregnancy length. Multivariate analysis, including the controls, showed a significant relation of birth weight (345 g lower) with substance use. Also, head circumference was 0.8 cm smaller. Length of pregnancy however was related to smoking. This study shows that it is difficult to make substance users attend prenatal care, but also that women coping with prenatal care reduce substance intake. Opiate use might be responsible for lower birth weight, although not in a clear dose–response relationship, whereas lifestyle, as represented by not coping with prenatal care and the quantity of cigarette smoking, shortens the length of pregnancy.     

Laboratory study of the effects of citric and ascorbic acids on injections prepared with brown heroin

The addition of acidic substances to brown street heroin to facilitate the solubility of diamorphine in the injection preparation process is commonplace amongst UK injectors. Knowledge of the chemistry behind this process supports the need for this stage in the injection preparation process. It is currently illegal, under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, section 9A, to supply acidifiers and other paraphernalia to injectors in the UK. In the current climate of evidence-based practice, any consideration given to changing the law would look for evidence to illustrate that the paraphernalia was necessary. Although the theory behind the use of acidifiers suggests they are essential, no previous work using street heroin has actually been reported to illustrate this fact. Anecdotal information has found that drug users are being told by some service providers that the addition of acids is unnecessary. It is important that drugs services give credible information to their clients. The provision of inaccurate information in one area may lead to a lack of trust of all information provided. The small study reported here investigated, under controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of citric and ascorbic acids (vitamin C) on injections prepared with brown heroin, in order to demonstrate the need for acidifiers in the injection preparation process.     

Menstrual cycle length during methadone maintenance

AIMS: While the menstrual disruption of heroin has been demonstrated, there are few published data concerning methadone maintenance and menstrual function. This study was conducted to evaluate whether cycle length was more regular during methadone maintenance. SETTINGS: An out-patient research treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 191 heroin and cocaine-using women from two clinical trials, lasting 25-29 weeks; each woman was maintained on 70-100 mg of methadone. MEASUREMENTS: Start/end dates of each menses were collected. DESIGN: Menstrual patterns were classified as regular, irregular, transient amenorrhea, persistent amenorrhea or cycle restart. Repeated-measures regression modeling determined correlates of cycle length and predictors of long cycles (> 40 days) and short cycles (< 20 days). Bleeding episodes were defined as 1 or more bleeding days, bound by at least 2 non-bleeding days. Correlates/predictors examined were body mass index, drug use, methadone dose and race. FINDINGS: In the 133 women for whom menstrual patterns could be determined, cycle-length irregularity was common: irregular, 62 (46.7%); regular, 37 (27.8%); cycle restart, 16 (12%); persistent amenorrhea, 11 (8.3%); transient amenorrhea, seven (5.3%). Each additional week on methadone maintenance was associated with decreased risk of long (OR = 0.96, P < 0.01 and short (OR = 0.92, P < 0.01) cycles. Of 27 women with secondary amenorrhea pre-study, 16 (59%) restarted menses. Positivity for opioids or cocaine was not significantly associated with short or long cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Cycle length begins to normalize during methadone maintenance. Menses resumption may occur. Methadone maintenance, despite interfering with menstrual function in an absolute sense, may interfere less than illicit heroin abuse.