Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We report a case of a child with precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who experienced refractory thrombocytopenia and massive splenomegaly during standard induction chemotherapy. He was diagnosed with hemophatocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) during induction. Clinical and laboratory evaluation showed no evidence of infectious cause to HLH. Pancytopenia and HLH persisted after consolidation therapy even with remission from leukemia. After failure to control HLH with ALL-directed therapy and HLH-directed therapy, the patient underwent unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 8 months after diagnosis. He is 34 months post-transplant and in remission from leukemia and HLH.     

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)-associated hemophagocytic syndrome

Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) is characterized by histiocytic proliferation and phagocytosis triggered by virus infections. Viruses in the herpes group, especially the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are well known to cause VAHS; however, the relationship between this syndrome and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection has rarely been reported. In this study, we describe a 23-month-old girl who exhibited typical manifestations of VAHS associated with HHV-6 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the fifth reported case in the English literature.     

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in very young infants

We report three cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in infants within the first 6 weeks of life. Diagnosis of HLH was made early after symptoms started. All three cases were successfully treated with dexamethasone and none relapsed, indicating that not all cases of HLH in very young infants are familial.     

Diagnostic strategy for trigger identification in severe reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A diagnostic accuracy study

Reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (rHLH) management requires early recognition, trigger identification, and adequate treatment in order to reduce mortality. We assessed the diagnostic yield of tissue biopsies to identify trigger in severe rHLH. We included all consecutive patients presenting an rHLH diagnosis (HLH‐2004 criteria) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. This retrospective diagnostic accuracy study was conducted according to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Statement. Among the 134 included patients (median age 47 years [IQR 47–56]), an underlying immunodeficiency was previously known in 61.2%. rHLH trigger was identified in 127 patients (94.8%) (hematological disorder 75%, infection 16%, systemic disease 4%). Diagnostic yield of tissue biopsies was as follows: lymph node 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61–85), skin 50% (95% CI, 27–73), bone marrow 44% (95% CI, 34–55), liver 30% (95% CI, 15–49). Splenectomy (yield 77%; 95% CI, 46–95) was reserved to cases of diagnostic deadlock. Procedural severe adverse events included two cases of reversible hemorrhagic shock. Seventy‐eight percent of patients received etoposide regarding to the rHLH severity, and 68% could receive trigger‐specific treatment in the ICU. A comprehensive diagnostic workup led to an rHLH trigger identification in 95% of patients, allowing prompt initiation of appropriate therapy. Prospective studies to validate a standardized diagnostic approach are warranted.     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

噬血细胞综合征患者红细胞寿命的检测及其对患者贫血的影响分析

目的:通过一氧化碳呼气试验测定噬血细胞综合征患者红细胞寿命,分析其对噬血细胞综合征合并贫血患者的影响。方法:对20例初诊HLH患者进行一氧化碳呼气试验并测定红细胞寿命,并以20例健康人的检测作为对照,对比噬血细胞综合征患者与健康人2组间贫血相关指标的差异。结果:噬血细胞综合征患者的平均红细胞寿命为45.3 d,比健康人缩短65%。血红蛋白水平与红细胞寿命呈正相关,sCD25、呼气一氧化碳浓度和骨髓噬血现象与红细胞寿命呈负相关,胆红素、网织红细胞计数与红细胞寿命无相关性。新发噬血细胞综合征患者血清中IL-1β,IL-2,sCD25,IL-6,IL-10,IL-17A,GM-CSF,TNF-α和IFN-γ表达水平较健康人显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:一氧化碳呼气试验是一项快速测定红细胞寿命的方法。红细胞破坏增加是噬血细胞综合征合并贫血的重要发病机制。     

嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症研究进展

嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)又称嗜血细胞综合征(HPS),是一组由于各种致病因素导致机体免疫功能紊乱引起单核/巨噬细胞系统反应性增生、释放大量细胞因子、严重损坏脏器功能的疾病。临床可见发热、肝脾大、血细胞减少等复杂表现,同时有高甘油三脂血症、低纤维蛋白原血症所致凝血功能障碍、肝功能异常、血清铁蛋白升高以及神经系统症状等。NK细胞和T细胞功能显著下降是本病标志性特点。地塞米松、依托泊苷、环孢素A联合应用的免疫化疗以及造血干细胞移植被认为是治疗HLH的有效方法。本文就近年来对HLH病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断、治疗等方面的研究进展做一综述。     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征原发病因

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征原发病因的价值。方法 回顾性分析19例继发性噬血细胞综合征患者的¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT资料,将诊断结果与临床诊断结果进行对比;采用¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT监测3例淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征疾病进展。结果 13例¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT提示为恶性淋巴瘤,表现为多发淋巴结、脾脏或骨髓高代谢灶,其中9例确诊为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,4例诊断不明;6例¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT未提示恶性肿瘤,其中2例确诊为系统性红斑狼疮、1例确诊为EB病毒感染、1例确诊为溃疡性结肠炎、1例确诊为成人斯蒂尔病,1例病因不明。3例淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征患者病情改善时¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT示原高代谢灶消失,疾病复发时出现新的高代谢病灶。结论 ¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT对于早期诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征的病因、尤其是鉴别疾病良恶性具有重要价值,亦可监测原发病进展情况。     

感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的骨髓病理学改变

目的：探讨和分析感染相关性噬血细胞综合征(IAHS)的骨髓病理学改变．方法：对4例IAHS患的骨髓组织行病理组织学和免疫组织化学检查。结果：骨髓切片中可见大量特征性的吞噬红细胞的组织细胞，这些细胞在CD68、AACT、LYS染色中呈阳性表达。结论：病理组织学上，当骨髓中发现吞噬红细胞的组织细胞时提示有IAHS的可能。