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??Objective??To investigate the clinical diagnosis treatment and prognosis of young children infected by leishmania with hemophagocytic syndrome ??HPS?? in Xinjiang. Methods??During December 2007and December 2009??16 patients of young children with HPS were hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of the People’s Hospital??Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The data of patients’ habitation?? clinical presentation and laboratory results were reviewed and analyzed. Results??All the 16 patients came from the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang and the diagnosis was supported by laboratory tests. In nine patients??Lidou body ??Leishmania donovani?? were found in bone marrow??and in fourteen patients??serum rK39-ELISA ??rK39?? Leishmania donovani gene expression product?? ELISA?? enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay?? test was positive. The first two cases among these16 patients were misdiagnosed as familial HPS??who had no response to the treatment and died. The other 14 cases were diagnosed as Assam fever caused by visceral leishmania??and sodium antimony gluconate was administered. Fourteenpatients were cured. Conclusion??In the Tarim Basin??in young patients with HPS the visceral leishmania infection should first be considered. Serum rK39-ELISA test is helpful in the diagnosis of Leishmania infection. The HPS Assam fever in young children is often emergent and severe ??the children would die quickly unless an early diagnosis were made and appropriate treatment were given.     

Success with infliximab in treating refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder characterized by fever, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, liver dysfunction, and hemophagocytosis. A 29-year-old woman, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus in 1996, developed HLH in early June 2002. HLH remained refractory during 1.5 months of treatment including corticosteroid, cyclosporine, plasma exchange, vincristine, and etoposide. Infliximab (5 mg/kg/day) was then administered twice. After the second administration, the patient attained remission. Because HLH itself is not a neoplasm but an uncontrolled immune reaction, blocking cytokines involved in the reaction should have therapeutic potentials. For HLH patients not responding to conventional therapy, anticytokine treatment with infliximab may represent one of promising options.     

A Case Report of Successful Treatment With Plasma Exchange for Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated With Severe Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in an Infant Girl

Abstract: An infantile case of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s-JIA), refractory to methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cyclosporine A administration, was successfully treated by plasma exchange. The patient was a one-year-old Japanese girl who had developed recurrent steroid-dependent signs, including fever, skin eruption, and hepatopathy, while in France, where she had been diagnosed as having s-JIA at eight months of age. As a high fever and rheumatoid rash were evident on arrival at our hospital, she was admitted and given intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cyclosporine A. She developed pancytopenia with a generalized clonic seizure, high fever, and liver dysfunction after her cytomegalovirus (CMV) titer became positive during the course of treatment; therefore, she was treated with ganciclovir. She was subsequently diagnosed as having HPS complicating s-JIA from the findings of a bone marrow aspirate. At this time, her blood examination data including a high level of C-reactive protein and hyperferritinemia, suggested that her s-JIA was very active, and the pancytopenia continued after her CMV titer became negative. Therefore, CMV infection against a background of active s-JIA could have triggered the HPS in this case. Because the HPS was resistant to an immunosuppressive regime of methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cyclosporine A, plasma exchange therapy was started. After three sessions of this therapy, the patient's symptoms and laboratory data were markedly improved. Our experience suggests that plasma exchange should be considered as a therapeutic tool for HPS refractory to conventional therapy.     

外周T细胞淋巴瘤非特异型1例及文献复习

目的：报道1例外周T细胞淋巴瘤-非特异型被长期误诊为嗜血细胞综合征及骨髓增生异常综合征并发感染的病例。方法：根据临床及细胞学、免疫学特点,给予CHOP、CHOP加三氧化二砷方案2个疗程。结果：患者完全缓解。结论：长期高热、T细胞淋巴瘤、嗜血细胞综合征及骨髓细胞病态造血等值得深入进行临床研究。     

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Experience from the Uppsala University Hospital

Abstract

Background. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and progressive multiple-organ failure. HLH in adults is often secondary to autoimmune diseases, cancer, or infections in contrast to familial HLH. Treatment of secondary HLH is directed against the triggering disease in addition to immunosuppressive therapy, the latter commonly according to the HLH-2004 protocol.

Methods. We conducted a retrospective study to identify triggering diseases, disease-specific and immunosuppressive therapy administered, and prognosis in adult patients with secondary HLH. Patient data were collected from October 2010 to January 2015.

Results. Ten adult patients with secondary HLH were identified. Seven were men, and the median age at diagnosis was 62 years. Five cases were triggered by malignant disease and five by infection. The median patient fulfilled five of the eight HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria. All patients fulfilled the criteria fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Median time from hospital admission to HLH diagnosis was 20 days. Four patients received immunosuppressive therapy according to the HLH-2004 protocol. The prognosis was dismal, especially for the patients with malignancy-associated HLH, of whom all died.

Conclusion.HLH should be suspected in patients who present with fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Secondary HLH has a dismal prognosis. None of the patients with HLH triggered by malignancy survived. Achieving remission of the triggering disease seems to be important for a favourable outcome as, in all surviving patients, the haemophagocytic syndrome resolved after remission of the underlying infection.     

肝移植术后噬血细胞综合征

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is recognized as a disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms including fever,jaundice,skin rash,lymphadenopathy,and hepatosplenomegaly related to uncontrolled systemic T-cell activation.1 Two forms of HPS have been characterized:primary/familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and secondary/reactive HPS.Reactive HPS was first described in 1979 by Risdall et al.     

Recent developments in the management of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Over the past two decades, the underlying pathophysiology of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (synonyms: haemophagocytic syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome) has been well recognised. Cytokine storm plays a major role, which derives from an inappropriate immune reaction caused by proliferating and activated T-cell or natural killer (NK) cells associated with macrophage activation and inadequate apoptosis of immunogenic cells. Many biological parameters reflecting activity of disease or response to treatment have been identified, in particular, serum ferritin has been confirmed to be one of the markers for HLH. The common types of HLH consist of non-hereditary (acquired) infection-associated disease such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and hereditary (familial) disease such as FHL, in which, at the molecular level, dysfunctional perforin was clarified. Regarding the therapeutic strategies, prompt differential diagnosis of underlying disease is essential and choice of treatment should be based on the risk (low or high) of prognosis, where either cyclosporin A, steroids or iv. immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be indicated as initial treatment for low-risk patients, with etoposide-containing regimens for high-risk patients. Significant improvement of prognosis has been obtained by incorporating intensive supportive care at the disease onset and prompt introduction of immunosuppressants to control cytokine storm. Subsequent immunochemotherapy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation have contributed significantly to further improve survival of hereditary and refractory HLH patients.     

嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症患儿16例细胞因子变化趋势分析

目的 探讨嗜血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症（HLH）患儿化疗过程中细胞因子表达水平变化趋势,分析其临床意义.方法 2011年1月至2013年5月确诊的16例HLH患儿按预后分为HLH缓解组和死亡组,收集两组患儿入院时及化疗第7、14、21、28、42天的血清标本,分别分为HLH 1～6组、HLH a～d组,应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测标本中白细胞介素（IL）-18、IL-10、IL-12、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、细胞核因子κB（NF-κB）及新蝶呤水平变化,分析两组细胞因子变化趋势.结果 缓解组患儿血清各细胞因子水平随着化疗的进行而下降,除新蝶呤及NF-κB水平HLH1组与HLH2组比较、TNF-α水平HLH1组与HLH5组及HLH6组比较差异均无统计学意义外（均P＞0.05）,HLH1组与其余组相比差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）.死亡组患儿NF-κB、IL-12及新蝶呤水平未见下降,HLHa与其他HLH组相比差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;TNF-α有下降趋势,HLHa组与HLHc、HLHd组相比差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.049、0.000）;IL-10在化疗第1周可见明显下降,HLHa组与HLHb组相比差异有统计学意义（P=0.00）;IL-18在化疗第1～2周有下降趋势,HLHa组与HLHb组、HLHa组与HLHc组相比差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.03、0.02）.结论 HLH缓解患儿血清IL-18、IL-10、IL-12、NF-κB及新蝶呤的表达水平均随着化疗的进行而下降,死亡组患儿上述指标下降趋势不明显,初步证实HLH患儿化疗过程中细胞因子变化趋势与预后有关.     

成人噬血细胞综合征骨髓噬血细胞形态分析及其临床意义

目的回顾性分析20例临床确诊噬血细胞综合征(HPS)患者骨髓涂片中噬血细胞形态并探讨其临床意义。方法根据骨髓中噬血细胞形态将20例HPS患者分成成熟组和幼稚组,比较两组患者的临床症状(发热)、体征(年龄、肝脾大)、实验室检查(血常规、肝功能、三酰甘油、乳酸脱氢酶、铁蛋白、凝血功能)及其病死率。结果成熟组患者较幼稚组年龄大(P<0.05),血小板及清蛋白水平低(P<0.05),病死率高(P<0.05),其余项目如血红蛋白、白细胞、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、球蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、三酰甘油、铁蛋白、凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原、发热、肝脾大等两组间均无统计学意义。结论骨髓噬血细胞形态是HPS的预后影响因子,成熟组HPS患者比幼稚组病死率高,这可能与成熟组患者出血倾向的加重和一般状况更差有关。