High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing of Human Milk Increases Apelin and GLP-1 Contents to Modulate Gut Contraction and Glucose Metabolism in Mice Compared to Holder Pasteurization

Background: High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a non-thermal method proposed as an alternative to Holder pasteurization (HoP) for the sterilization of human breast milk (BM). HHP preserves numerous milk bioactive factors that are degraded by HoP, but no data are available for milk apelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), two hormones implicated in the control of glucose metabolism directly and via the gut–brain axis. This study aims to determine the effects of HoP and HHP processing on apelin and GLP-1 concentrations in BM and to test the effect of oral treatments with HoP- and HHP-BM on intestinal contractions and glucose metabolism in adult mice. Methods: Mice were treated by daily oral gavages with HoP- or HHP-BM during one week before intestinal contractions, and glucose tolerance was assessed. mRNA expression of enteric neuronal enzymes known to control intestinal contraction was measured. Results: HoP-BM displayed a reduced concentration of apelin and GLP-1, whereas HHP processing preserved these hormones close to their initial levels in raw milk. Chronic HHP-BM administration to mice increased ileal mRNA nNos expression level leading to a decrease in gut contraction associated with improved glucose tolerance. Conclusion: In comparison to HoP, HPP processing of BM preserves both apelin and GLP-1 and improves glucose tolerance by acting on gut contractions. This study reinforces previous findings demonstrating that HHP processing provides BM with a higher biological value than BM treated by HoP.     

糖尿病合并肺结核63例临床分析

目的:探讨糖尿病合并肺结核的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法:对本科1991年以来收治的糖尿病合并肺结核患者诊治情况进行回顾性分析。结果:63例中血糖控制理想者34例,病灶不同程度吸收、空洞缩小或关闭。血糖控制尚理想者19例,15例吸收好转,2例无好转,2例死亡。血糖控制不理想者10例3例吸收好转,4例无好转,死亡3例。结论:糖尿病合并肺结核应积极控制血糖,早期抗结核治疗,预防并发症的发生,能较好的控制结核,改善预后。     

Acute kidney injury in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients receiving sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: A nationwide cohort study

The present retrospective study aimed to identify factors associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. We identified 171,622 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; among them, 476 (0.3%) patients developed acute kidney injury. The hazard ratio for acute kidney injury occurrence risk was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for patient characteristics at baseline and use of concomitant agents. In the adjusted model, patients who developed acute kidney injury were mostly men, aged ≥65 years, had lower body mass index, had a history of heart failure and used diuretics more frequently than those who did not. These findings suggest that associated clinical risk factors should be thoroughly evaluated before administering sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors to minimize acute kidney injury onset.     

高糖对培养乳鼠心肌细胞L型钙通道表达的影响

目的观察高糖对培养乳鼠心肌胞L型钙通道mRNA表达的影响.方法分别用正常糖培养液(葡萄糖浓度为5.5mmol/L)和高糖培养液(葡萄糖浓度为25.5mmol/L)培养乳鼠心肌细胞,用RT-PCR方法检测心肌细胞mRNA水平的变化.结果与正常糖组相比,高糖组心肌细胞L型钙通道mRNA表达明显增加(P<0.05).结论单纯高糖培养可明显促进心肌细胞L型钙通道mRNA表达.     

颈椎脊髓损伤患者血糖的变化及影响因素

目的探讨颈椎脊髓损伤患者高血糖的发生率及导致高血糖的因素。方法检测53例颈椎外伤伤后7 d内空腹血糖浓度。结果53例颈椎外伤患者空腹血糖值(7．82±2．84)mmol／L。36例出现高血糖(血糖值大于6．4 mmol／L)。患者颈椎外伤后高血糖的发生率与脊髓损伤程度和年龄有关,与外伤原因和损伤病程长短无关。结论颈椎脊髓损伤后7 d内约有68％患者出现高血糖反应。脊髓损伤程度越重,患者血糖浓度越高。年龄大、完全性瘫痪的患者发生高血糖的概率较高。     

Marine Oil from C. finmarchicus Enhances Glucose Homeostasis and Liver Insulin Resistance in Obese Prediabetic Individuals

The intermediate state between normal glucose tolerance and overt type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases, requiring safe and cost-effective treatment measures interventions. A novel source of LC n-3 FAs is Calanus finmarchicus Oil, which showed promising effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical studies due to anti-obesity effects and/or anti-inflammatory properties. In total, 43 obese patients (BMI: 31.7 ± 5.2 kg/m²) were allocated in the following two groups: (1) Calanus oil group (2 g CO/day) and (2) placebo group (2 g paraffin oil/day). Markers of glucose metabolism, body composition and energy intake were measured at the beginning (t0), after 12 weeks (t₁₂) and 16 weeks (t₁₆). Overall, parameters reflecting abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the liver, including fasting insulin (−2.9 mU/L ± 4.10, p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (−0.9 ± 1.28, p < 0.05) and hepatic insulin resistance index (−1.06 ± 1.72 × 10⁶, p < 0.05) significantly enhanced after a 12-week CO-intervention, while no differences were observed in HbA1c, AUC_0–2h Glucose, AUC_0–2h Insulin, 2 h plasma glucose and muscle insulin sensitivity index. Our results indicate that Calanus oil causes beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in obese patients, with clinical relevance to be verified in further studies. In addition, the possible active compounds and their mechanisms of action should be elucidated.     

The efficacy and safety of Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract on the metabolic syndrome: a 12-week,placebo controlled,double blind,and randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe extract from Dendropanax morbifera exhibited diverse therapeutic potentials. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of D. morbifera leaf extract for improving metabolic parameters in human.SUBJECTS/METHODSA 12-week, double blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial included a total of 74 adults, and they were assigned to the placebo group (n = 38) or 700 mg/day of D. morbifera group (n = 36). The efficacy endpoints were changes in glycemic, lipid, obesity, and blood pressure (BP) parameters, in addition to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the numbers of MetS components. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs).RESULTSAfter 12 weeks of treatment, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level significantly decreased in the D. morbifera group compared to that of the placebo group (difference: −0.13 ± 0.20% vs. 0.00 ± 0.28%, P = 0.031; % of change: −2.27 ± 3.63% vs. 0.10 ± 5.10%, P = 0.025). The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance level also decreased significantly from its baseline in the D. morbifera group. The systolic BP of D. morbifera group decreased significantly than that of placebo group (difference: −3.9 ± 9.8 mmHg vs. 3.3 ± 11.7 mmHg, P = 0.005; % of change: −2.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.3 ± 10.2%, P = 0.005). However, the lipid parameters and body composition including body weight did not differ between the groups. The prevalence of MetS (36.8% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.022) and the incidence of MetS (10.5% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.027) at 12 weeks was significantly lower in the D. morbifera group than it was in the placebo group. No serious AEs occurred in either group.CONCLUSIONSSupplementation with D. morbifera extracts over a 12-week period improved metabolic parameters such as HbA1c and BP and reduced the prevalence of MetS.Trial RegistrationClinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0004672     

高糖、胰岛素影响肾小球系膜细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4 mRNA表达的研究

目的:探讨高糖、胰岛素对肾小球系膜细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4 mRNA表达的影响,进一步研究GluT4在糖尿病肾病发病中的作用。方法:将培养的鼠1097系膜细胞分为8组:正常对照组,生理浓度胰岛素组(10-9M),低浓度胰岛素组(10-8M),高浓度胰岛素组(10-6M),高糖组(30mM),甘露醇组,高糖加高浓度胰岛素组,高糖加生理浓度胰岛素组。采用RT-PCR法检测GluT4 mRNA含量。结果:①正常系膜细胞可检测到GluT4mRNA。②高糖组GluT4 mRNA表达为对照组的58.7%(p<0.05);10-8M胰岛素组、10-6M胰岛素组分别为对照组的230.2%和297.2%(P<0.01);高糖加10-6M胰岛素组,高糖加10-9M胰岛素组分别为高糖组的170.6%和140.3%(p<0.05)。结论:①正常系膜细胞有GluT4 mRNA表达。②高糖可抑制GluT4 mRNA表达,胰岛素有一定拮抗作用,且呈剂量依赖性。③GluT4是糖尿病肾病发生发展中的重要因子。     

How accurate is glucose analysis in the presence of multiple interfering substances in the neonate? (glucose analysis and interfering substances)

Whole blood glucose testing by reagent sticks is inaccurate at low plasma glucose concentrations and with varying hemalocrit. Both conditions are frequently seen in newborn infants. Therefore plasma glucose analysis is the preferred method for newborn glucose monitoring. We encountered unanticipated difficulties in plasma glucose measurement by the automated hexokinase method caused by the combinations of plasma free hemoglobin, bilirubin, and plasma triglycerides, which are frequently elevated in newborn plasma. We determined the adverse effects of various combinations of these interfering substances on glucose analysis by the hexokinase method and demonstrated that accurate analysis is possible by a 1:1 plasma dilution only at high plasma glucose levels but not at the more critical low plasma glucose concentration. The dilution reduced the number of repeat specimen required in newborns. But 1:1 plasma dilution overestimated the glucose levels at low plasma glucose values, and therefore this automated hexokinase method is not suitable for glucose analysis in the newborn. Glucose-oxidase remains the method of choice for plasma glucose analysis in neonates. This information is important because using this hexokinase methodology, one might miss hypoglycemia in the newborn. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

基于糖脂代谢研究筋疽（糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽）湿热毒盛证

[目的]通过现代检验技术研究筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)湿热毒盛证的糖脂代谢指标。[方法]收集136例筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)患者进行不同证型间指标的比较。[结果]湿热毒盛证患者空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPBG)、晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)与其他证型比较存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。湿热毒盛证患者C-反应蛋白(CRP)、人可溶性血管细胞黏附分子1(sVCAM-1)与其他证型组间比较存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。[结论]筋疽(糖尿病足非缺血性坏疽)湿热毒盛证形成的原因与低营养状态下糖脂代谢紊乱引起的高血糖及持续炎症反应相关。