妊娠期糖尿病对妊娠结局的影响

目的研究GDM对母婴的影响。方法对112例GDM孕妇和112例健康孕妇的妊娠结局进行分析。采用11配对病例—对照研究,配对的条件是孕妇年龄相近(±2),同年同月同医院分娩。结果GDM孕妇手术分娩率、早产率、妊娠高血压综合征和巨大儿发生率都较对照组高。GDM的及早诊断和及时治疗可使巨大儿发生率降低。与新生儿病率有关的因素是GDM的严重程度、血糖控制情况及巨大儿。结论早期诊断GDM及控制血糖是减少妇婴并发症的关键。     

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in parents of women with gestational diabetes

Summary Nuclear families of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients are uncommon, as usually one or both parents have died. In order to aid identification of complete nuclear families, we have ascertained the disease process at a younger age by studying subjects with previous gestational diabetes. One hundred women who had had gestational diabetes, age (±SD) 38 (6) years, were screened by fasting plasma glucose (fpg). Sixty-one were found to have either fasting hyperglycaemia (5.5fpg<7.8 mmol/l) or diabetes. Of these women 35 had both parents alive and the parents of 14 of these women agreed to the assessment of their metabolism by a continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment (CIGMA). Seven probands had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and seven were diabetic. They were age 35 (4) years and had body mass index (BMI) 26 (5) kg/m². The parents were aged 62 (6) years and had BMI 29 (6) kg/m² and their affection status was defined as presence of glucose intolerance (fpg or post-infusion achieved plasma glucose level >2 SD of an age and obesity matched population). In the 14 families, five probands (36%) had neither parent affected, six (43%) had one parent affected and three (21%) had both parents affected. Only three probands had a parent with diabetes as defined by World Health Organisation criteria. We concludes that the study of women who have had gestational diabetes allows detection of probands with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, who have both parents available for study. A substantial proportion had neither parent affected with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, similar to the nuclear families of NIDDM patients. The results are in accord with studies of nuclear families of NIDDM patients in suggesting polygenic inheritance or environmental influences rather than autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance.Abbreviations IGT Impaired glucose tolerance - GTT glucose tolerance test - NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - fpg fasting plasma glucose - apg achieved plasma glucose - CIGMA continuous infusion of glucose test - BMI body mass index     

米非司酮对妊娠期尖锐湿疣的疗效观察

目的 探讨米非司酮对妊娠期尖锐湿疣的疗效。方法 将早孕合并尖锐湿疣的48例患分为实验组28例,对照组20例。实验组口服米非司酮,对照组行激光治疗,观察一周内尖锐湿疣组织的脱落情况,并作X^2检验。结果实验组尖锐湿疣组织脱落情况明显优于对照组(P<0．01)。结论米非司酮对妊娠期尖锐湿疣有很好的疗效。     

5-Fu、MTX、VP16-213联合方案治疗恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的研究

目的 探讨5-Fu、MTX、VP16—213联合化学治疗恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤患者的疗效。方法 对1992年4月至2003年4月11年本院91例恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(包括侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌)患者采用5-Fu、MTX、VP16—213三联化疗方案治疗，其中绒癌36例，有2例为复发性绒癌；侵蚀性葡萄胎(侵葡)55例。Ⅰ期16例，Ⅱ期26例，Ⅲ期56例。结果 91例患者中，采用此三联化疗方案治疗有86例获治愈，总治愈率高达94．51％。此三联化疗方案的主要毒副反应是骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应，其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ度粒细胞减少占27．3％，Ⅲ～Ⅳ度血小板减少占7．4％，Ⅲ度恶心呕吐占19．80%，Ⅲ度腹泻占2．4％，Ⅰ度肝功损害占2．1％，在19．69％的疗程中发生口腔溃疡，其中Ⅲ度占8．36％。结论 5-Fu、MTX、VP16—213联合方案治疗恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤可达满意的临床效果，对其他药物耐药或复发病例也可获得满意的疗效。     

Etoposide (VP-16) as first-line, single agentchemotherapeutic drug in low-risk gestational trophoblastic disease

Matsui H, Iitsuka Y, Seki K, Sekiya S. Etoposide (VP-16) as first-line,single agent chemotherapeutic drug in low-risk gestational trophoblasticdisease. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1997; 7: 400–404.
We reviewed the records of 73 patients with low-risk gestationaltrophoblastic disease (GTD) treated with etoposide from 1986 to 1995 at ChibaUniversity. All patients received courses of etoposide every 10 to 14 days until their human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) concentrations had reached <1 mIU/ml or drug resistanceand/or unacceptable toxicityoccurred. Fifty-one patients (69.9%) were treated with chemotherapyalone and 22 patients (30.1%) also underwent planned hysterectomy.
Sixty-seven patients (92%) achieved a primary remission, while sixpatients (8%) required a change in drugs due to drug resistance (4patients, 5%) or toxicity (2patients, 3%). All 73 patients achieved complete remission. However, onepatient (1.4%) relapsed later.
We have demonstrated that etoposide is one of the most effective drugsagainst GTD and that the short-term toxicity is, except for alopecia,relatively mild and acceptable.Patients should, however, be informed of the possibilities of secondarymalignancies and followed-up cautiously.     

糖尿病合并妊娠伴视网膜病变孕妇的临床观察

目的：研究糖尿病合并妊娠伴视网膜病变孕妇的妊娠结局及孕期视网膜病变。方法：回顾性分析１９８１～１９９５年间４９例糖尿病孕妇妊娠情况。伴视网膜病变的１６例分为第Ⅰ组；无视网膜病变的３３例分为第Ⅱ组。第Ⅰ组糖尿病病程平均为８．９２±４．３５年；第Ⅱ组为３．１１±１．７４年。结果：第Ⅰ组孕妇并发症及围产儿发病率较高，但两组比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３１．１％孕妇视网膜病变在孕期加重，但仍属单纯型（背景期）。结论：糖尿病合并妊娠伴眼底病变时，仍可以继续妊娠，但孕期应密切观察眼底变化和严格控制血糖。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者高密度脂蛋白糖基化与妊高征发病的关系

目的：了解妊娠期糖尿病孕妇体内高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）糖化程度及受体代谢途径情况，探讨其与妊高征发病的关系。方法：用荧光法测定妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白，≤８．０％为组Ⅰ，共３２例、＞８．０％为组Ⅱ，共３４例，并测定正常妊娠组３６例及正常非妊娠组３２例ＨＤＬ糖化值。用酶联免疫受体法观察ＨＤＬ与培养的人胚肺成纤维细胞表面受体特异结合情况。结果：妊娠期糖尿病患者组Ⅰ、组ⅡＨＤＬ糖化值明显高于正常妊娠组和正常非妊娠组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。其细胞结合、摄入和降解糖化ＨＤＬ均较正常妊娠组和正常非妊娠组升高，使细胞内总胆固醇含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：妊娠期糖尿病患者ＨＤＬ糖化值含量的变化及脂质沉积，可能是妊高征小动脉痉挛的原因之一。     

Intraplacental Choriocarcinoma Associated with Viable Pregnancy: Pathologic Features and Implications for the Mother and Infant

Choriocarcinoma arising in the placenta, or intraplacental choriocarcinoma, has seldom been reported, particularly in the absence of maternal metastases. Reluctance to diagnose choriocarcinoma in the presence of chorionic villi can delay diagnosis; however, timely diagnosis of choriocarcinoma is prognostically important, both for the mother and infant. We report the clinicopathologic findings in five mothers and infants in whom choriocarcinoma was identified in the placenta. None of the mothers had a history of gestational trophoblastic disease in previous pregnancies. Three placentas were similar with a single small lesion grossly suggesting a small infarct; microscopically these consisted of infarcted areas surrounded by choriocarcinoma. These three mothers were unusual in that none had metastatic choriocarcinoma; two were treated with chemotherapy and remained disease-free; the third was lost to follow-up shortly following delivery. The remaining two mothers had known pulmonary metastases at time of delivery. One of these latter two placentas contained a large marginal lesion microscopically identified as choriocarcinoma. The fifth placenta had rare microscopic foci of choriocarcinoma, and sheets of necrotic choriocarcinoma were identified in “blood clot” submitted with the placenta. In four of the five cases the choriocarcinoma appeared to be arising from otherwise normal chorionic villi, and in no case was there invasion of the villous stroma. All of the infants survived, and none had evidence of choriocarcinoma. These cases support the concept that choriocarcinoma associated with otherwise normal pregnancy arises in the placenta and may be more common than reported. Received August 11, 1997; accepted December 8, 1997.     

Erythrocyte indicators of oxidative stress in gestational diabetes

Foetuses born to mothers with gestational diabetes are at increased risk of developing respiratory distress, foetal macrosomia, foetal anomalies and platelet hyperaggregability. High blood glucose level induces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant defences. The present study discusses the possibility of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in both maternal and foetal erythrocytes as an indicator of oxygen radical activity. The level of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in erythrocytes was estimated in 20 mothers with gestational diabetes and their newborns. The maternal age varied between 19 and 42 y and foetal age ranged between 34 and 39 weeks. The proteolytic activities in the erythrocyte lysates obtained from mothers with gestational diabetes and their newborns were significantly greater [(mean ± SD) 24.41 ± 9.05 and 16.70 ± 3.36μM of amino groups/g haemoglobin, n = 20, respectively] than those from control group (10.18 ± 4.84 and 14.64 ± 6.21 μM amino groups/g haemoglobin, n = 15, respectively; p < 0:05 in both cases). Similarly erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels were significantly elevated in babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes (10.11 ±2.21 nM/g haemoglobin) when compared to controls (6.8 ± 3.75 nM/g haemoglobin) (p < 0:05). In the erythrocytes of mothers with gestational diabetes, malondialdehyde levels correlated significantly with glycated haemoglobin levels (p < 0:01). The results of this study indicate that the oxidative stress induced by gestational diabetes manifests as increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative damage in the erythrocytes of both mothers with gestational diabetes and their newborn infants.     

足月小样儿的听功能评估

目的　探讨胎儿在母体内营养不良对听觉神经系统发育的影响。方法　对研究组中 19例足月小样儿 (termsmallforgestationalage ,TSGA)和对照组中 2 0例正常体重足月儿母亲的身高、体重、头围、胸围、血红蛋白等方面进行比较 ,再应用丹迪诱发电位仪对出生 3～ 5天的两组新生儿进行听性脑干反应 (auditorybrainstemresponse ,ABR)测试 ,分析ABR的波潜伏期及波间期。结果　研究组中母亲和对照组在血红蛋白含量方面差异有高度显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,而在身高、体重、头围、胸围等方面差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;研究组中新生儿ABR各波潜伏期和波间期均比对照组延长。结论　可以用ABR检测新生儿来反映胎儿在母体内营养不良时对听觉神经系统发育的影响 ,提示注意加强母体的营养