Inhomogeneity in planar ventilation scintigraphy of emphysematous patients

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for the quantification of inhomogeneity in ventilation scintigraphy. Ten healthy volunteers and 10 emphysematous patients were investigated. Anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) images of planar ventilation scintigraphy were acquired. Lung regions of interest (ROI) were obtained by manual delineation of the lung contours and then divided into several 10-pixel-high horizontal-stripe regions. By allowing for the statistical noise of the pixel count rate, the biological coefficient of variation (CVB) of the pixel counts in each stripe region was calculated. The apex-to-base distribution of the CVB in the emphysematous lungs dispersed largely and with higher values than the corresponding distribution in the healthy lungs. The mean values of the CVB (MCVB), the ranges of the CVB (RCVB) and the maximum values of the CVB (MAXCVB) in the stripe regions in emphysematous lungs were significantly higher than the corresponding ones in the healthy lungs (all P<0·001). The intraobserver variations of the MCVB, RCVB and MAXCVB (calculated using the standard deviations of the differences) were less than 2·3% units, 5·2% units and 3·9% units respectively. The corresponding values for interobserver variation were 5·7% units, 6·1% units and 6·4% units. A systematic decrease in lung ROI size, i.e. inclusion of successively less of the lung edge, resulted in a linear decrease of 1·7% units in the MCVB and MAXCVB of both emphysematous and normal lungs. In conclusion, the stripe-region method is a reliable tool for the quantification of inhomogeneity in the planar ventilation scintigraphy.     

老年食管癌误诊分析

目的通过对 60岁以上食管癌患者的误诊情况分析 ,进一步提高老年食管癌的诊断水平与治愈率。方法对我院 1995年9月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月收治的 82例老年食管癌进行回顾性统计和分析 ,找出老年食管癌在门诊及住院诊治过程中产生误诊的主要原因。结果本组共有 3 9例误诊 ,院外误诊 3 0例 ,院内误诊 9例。手术治疗 16例 ;非手术治疗 2 3例 ,2 3例中行食管支架治疗 9例。治愈 10例 ,好转 16例 ,未治 9例 ,自动出院 3例 ,死亡 1例。结论院外误诊主要与患者的素质、门诊医生对老年食管癌特点的认识程度有关 ,误诊的时间较长 ,对治疗效果影响较大 ,约 73 3 %的患者失去手术机会。食管吞钡或食管碘油造影检查是诊断或鉴别诊断老年食管癌最方便、经济、易为患者接受的检查方法。院内误诊主要与患者的发病方式有关 ,误诊时间短 ,对治疗效果影响小。临床遇有进食梗阻感、胸骨后疼痛、剑突下或胸骨后烧灼感、排柏油样便、长期嗜烟酒、长期有不良饮食习惯、短期内突然严重咳嗽和大量咳痰者应高度怀疑食管癌。详细询问病史、充分认识老年食管癌的特点以及规范住院医疗制度 ,是避免老年食管癌误诊的关键     

Pulmonary complications following endotracheal intubation for anesthesia in breech extraction

A 28-year-old, healthy pregnant patient developed bilateral pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum following endotracheal intubation and manual ventilation during general anesthesia for breech extraction. It is likely that positive-pressure ventilation was the cause for this very rare combination of complications. Early recognition and treatment may prevent such a catastrophe.     

SARS危重患者无创正压通气并发症分析及呼吸治疗策略的探讨

目的　对严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)危重患者行无创正压通气 (NIPPV)后出现气胸或纵隔气肿的临床资料进行分析 ,并探讨相应的呼吸治疗策略。方法　回顾性分析 2 7例行 NIPPV的 SARS危重患者的临床资料。结果　 2 7例行 NIPPV的 SARS危重患者中 ,有 7例出现气胸或纵隔气肿 ;189例未行机械通气的 SARS患者中 1例出现纵隔气肿 ;与后者比较 ,行 NIPPV的 SARS危重患者气胸或纵隔气肿发生率有非常显著性差异 (χ2 =2 5 .0 5 2 ,P<0 .0 1)。调整通气压力并适当提高吸入氧浓度后 ,所有患者脉搏容积血氧饱和度均无明显变化。 7例患者气胸或纵隔气肿均未进一步发展且逐步好转。结论　 SARS危重患者行 NIPPV后所出现气胸或纵隔气肿现象 ,可能与 SARS造成肺脏损伤、剧烈咳嗽及机械通气压力过高有关。对 SARS危重患者行 NIPPV治疗时谋求改善低氧血症的同时 ,还应该选择最佳的通气压力 ,以避免气胸或纵隔气肿的发生。     

慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、肺心病患者血浆内皮素1、一氧化氮与血气变化的研究

目的：探讨慢性支气管炎（慢支）、慢性阻塞性肺气肿（肺气肿）、慢性肺源性心脏病（肺心病）患者不同时期血浆内皮素1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）及动脉血气的变化，为临床观察病情、评估预后、探讨新的治疗手段提供依据。方法：慢支、肺气肿、肺心病患者均空腹抽静脉血检测血浆ET-1、NO；另抽取动脉血检测血气。三组间对比，并与正常组对照。结果：肺气肿、肺心病患者血浆内皮素增高，血气指标异常．且由慢支发展到肺气肿、肺心病时血浆内皮素逐渐增高、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）渐降低，二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）渐增高，NO逐渐降低。结论：慢支发展为肺气肿、肺心病时，血浆ET1、PaCO2逐渐增高；N0、pH、PaO2逐渐降低。     

Cause of death in older patients with anatomo-pathological evidence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema: a case-control study based on autopsy findings

OBJECTIVES: To determine the most frequent causes of death of hospitalized older patients based on anatomo-pathological evidence and to compare the relative frequency of fatal events between patients with and without evidence of either chronic bronchitis (CB) or emphysema (E). DESIGN: Retrospective, case-control study based on a computerized database including anatomo-pathological data of patients deceased and autopsied over a 25-year period. SETTING: Two geriatric hospitals in Geneva. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS: Autopsy records for cause(s) of death in patients with CB or E. RESULTS: 3,685 patients deceased in our institution (1,540 men; 2,145 women) were autopsied between 1972 and 1996; mean age at death was 81.5 +/- 8.0 years. Anatomo-pathological evidence of CB or E was found in 983 patients (26.6% of total); 262 (7.2%) had predominantly CB, and 456 (12.3%) predominantly E. Pneumonia was the most frequent cause of death in all patients (21.8%). Myocardial infarction (MI) (17.6% vs 14%), and respiratory failure (5.1% vs 1.5%) occurred more frequently in subjects with CB and/or E than in controls. Fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) was more frequent in patients with E (18.4%) than in patients with CB (10.7%; odds ratio ( OR) = 1.89, P =.008), or in controls (12.7%; OR = 1.56, P =.0008). CONCLUSION: Anatomo-pathological evidence of CB or E is highly prevalent in older patients, suggesting that CB and E are clinically underdiagnosed in this age group. Fatal MI occurred significantly more frequently in older patients with E or CB than in controls. Furthermore, patients with E were at significantly higher risk of fatal PE than patients with CB or controls.     

The effect of emphysema on lung function and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background and objective: In this study the prevalence, lung function and prognosis of IPF combined with emphysema were evaluated. Methods: Consecutive patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), with or without emphysema, were assessed retrospectively. The area of fibrosis in the base of the lungs was assessed by HRCT as minimal (<2 cm from the subpleura), moderate (≥2 cm from the subpleura, <1/3 of the area of the base of the lungs) or severe (≥1/3 of the area of the base of the lungs). Results: Among 660 patients with UIP on HRCT, 221 showed upper‐lobe emphysema. Pulmonary function results for patients with UIP and UIP/emphysema, respectively, were: FVC, 71.8% and 87.1%; FEV1%, 86.7% and 87.9%; and DL_CO, 74.3% and 65.2% of predicted. The relationship between FVC, the extent of fibrosis and survival was investigated in 362 patients with records of pulmonary function tests and no lung cancer at the time of entry into the study. Although the extent of fibrosis was similar between the groups, 71.3% of UIP patients met the lung volume criteria for IPF (FVC <80% of predicted), whereas only 26.5% of UIP/emphysema patients met the lung volume criteria for IPF. Median survival was 7.5 years in the UIP group and 8.5 years in the UIP/emphysema group. Conclusions: Emphysema was a common finding in patients with UIP. Patients with UIP and emphysema had greater lung volumes and better survival compared with those with UIP alone.     

舒适护理在老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿护理中的应用

目的:探讨舒适护理在慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者护理中的应用.方法:将我院2008年5月～2010年5月收治的慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者共128例,随机分为观察组68例和对照组60例.对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组采用舒适护理方法,比较两组患者的康复结果.结果:观察组康复情况优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:舒适护理有利于慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者的康复,值得推广.