Other conditions of the lung (abscesses,inhaled foreign bodies,bullous lung disease,hydatid)

Lung abscess remains a common complication of pneumonia and aspiration, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, and must be differentiated from a cavitary form of lung cancer. The conservative treatment with antibiotics is still the main therapeutic approach; however, percutaneous drainage may be employed in selected cases.     

Congenital lobar emphysema: evaluation and long-term follow-up of thirty cases at a single center

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is characterized by overdistension and air-trapping in the affected lobe, and is one of the causes of infantile respiratory distress. In this report, we review our 27 years of experience with 30 CLE patients. Patients' medical records were evaluated with regard to age, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, associated diseases, treatment, histopathologic findings, and final clinical and laboratory findings at the end of a long-term period. The mean age of 30 patients (18 male) at diagnosis was 4.9 +/- 6.7 months (range, 2 days-2.5 years). Tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, wheezing, hoarseness, and decreased breath sounds on the affected side were the main symptoms and clinical findings. On chest X-rays, emphysema was seen in all patients; shift/herniation to the opposite lung, atelectasis, and pneumothorax were observed in 16, 5, and 2 cases, respectively. Computerized tomography of the thorax was performed in 16 cases and revealed emphysema at affected lobe/lobes in all, a shift/herniation to the opposite side in 12 cases, and atelectasis of neighbor lobe/lobes in 7 cases. All 8 patients who had perfusion scintigraphy showed reduced perfusion in the affected lobe. Narrowed and flaccid bronchi were detected in one patient by using flexible bronchoscopy. Blood gas analysis was performed in 11 patients, and hypoxia and hypercarbia were revealed in 9 and 7 of these patients, respectively. The most common affected lobe was the left upper lobe (57%), followed by the right upper lobe (30%) and right middle lobe (27%). Two lobes were involved in 4 patients. Associated abnormalities were observed in 5 patients. Twenty-one patients underwent lobectomy; 9 were followed conservatively. Ages at diagnosis were significantly younger in surgically treated patients. Emphysema was detected in all pathological specimens, with an additional bronchial cartilage deficiency in 2 patients. In the surgically treated group, 2 patients died and 2 patients were lost to follow-up. In the conservatively treated group, one patient was lost to follow-up. Mean follow-up duration of all patients was 63.2 +/- 56.2 months (range, 1-209 months). At follow-up visits, all patients were doing well. In surgically treated patients, chest X-rays were normal (9 cases), or showed hyperlucency on the operated side (6 cases) or chronic changes in the operation area (2 cases). Hyperexpansion in the affected lobe was found to be reduced in all cases in the conservatively treated group.     

Lung volume reduction surgery in lieu of pneumonectomy in an infant with severe unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema

A male infant with a prenatal diagnosis (at 20 weeks' gestation) of cystic adenomatoid malformation was delivered after 38 weeks' gestation (birth weight, 3 kg) and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. During the first few days of life, he developed mild respiratory distress; a chest radiograph and computed tomography scan showed multiple cystic areas in the left lower lobe with hyperinflation and herniation of the upper lobe across the midline. At 3 weeks of age, a left lower lobectomy was performed for presumed cystic malformation. To our surprise the pathology reports revealed pulmonary interstitial emphysema. The postoperative chest radiograph was unchanged, and mechanical ventilation was necessary and required progressively increasing ventilatory settings to provide adequate support. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation and selective right bronchus intubation failed to improve lung function. After 3 weeks, a left thoracotomy was repeated and lung volume reduction was performed with removal of 50' of the peripheral hyperinflated parenchyma. Postoperative recovery was rapid; the child was weaned from the ventilator after 3 days and discharged after 3 weeks. Follow-up chest X-rays showed a normally expanded right lung with mediastinal structures back to midline and a small left lung. Favorable results persisted at 3 years of follow-up. This first and successful experience with lung volume reduction in a neonate suggests that infants who need removal of a large portion of lung parenchyma to achieve adequate ventilation and gas exchange, lung volume reduction surgery should be considered as an alternative to pneumonectomy.     

单肺移植结合对侧肺减容术治疗终末期肺气肿一例

目的　探讨单肺移植结合对侧肺减容术治疗终末期肺气肿的手术适应证及疗效。方法　对 1例呼吸机依赖的重症肺气肿、肺功能严重下降的 4 7岁患者行左肺移植。术后第 7天因患者对侧肺逐渐过度膨胀致纵隔左移 ,压迫移植肺 ,而行右侧胸腔镜辅助小切口肺减容术。结果　肺减容术后第 1天患者纵隔移位明显改善 ,移植肺扩张良好 ;术后第 9、15天移植肺 2次出现急性排斥反应 ,用免疫抑制剂治疗 ,并于术后第 15天行气管切开、呼吸机间断辅助呼吸 ,病情缓解 ;术后第 2 4天患者下床活动 ,第 2 6天拔除气管插管 ;术后 2个月检查患者肺功能明显改善 ;术后第 71天出院。结论　单肺移植结合对侧肺减容术能治疗重症肺气肿单肺移植后的对侧肺过度膨胀 ,明显改善肺功能。     

慢性阻塞性肺气肿的护理进展

当前,肺气肿的发病率逐年上升,对人们的身体健康构成了严重威胁,由于患者了解肺气肿方面的知识不够深入,使得患病早期得不到积极与规范的治疗,导致终年被病魔缠身。加上此病反复发作,难于根治,若治疗不当,很容易出现变端,出现喘脱危象。因此治疗要有侧重地分别选用扶正祛邪的治疗方式,在缓解期主要以扶正护理为主,提高抗病毒能力,尽量减少发作。基于此,本文就对慢性阻塞性肺气肿的护理进展做一些综述。     

Perforated diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon causing a subcutaneous emphysema

INTRODUCTION

Although diverticular disease of the colon is frequent, perforated diverticulitis causing subcutaneous emphysema is a uncommon entity. We wish to present this extremely rare case of perforated colonic diverticulum in the subcutaneous tissue, which is the first one that we have encountered in our practice, along with the accompanying diagnostic and therapeutic issues and a review of the literature.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report the case of an 83-year-old man who admitted to the emergency room due to an abdominal subcutaneous emphysema. Physical examination revealed a severe subcutaneous emphysema especially in the left iliac fossa and abdominal pain. An urgent contrast enhanced abdominal CT scan showed multiple diverticula in the sigmoid colon and multiple air bubbles in the subcutaneous tissue. The exploratory laparotomy identified a perforation of diverticular in subcutaneous tissue. Forty centimeters of colon were resected. The subcutaneous emphysema resolved without specific treatment. The postoperative period was uncomplicated.

DISCUSSION

Subcutaneous emphysema of anterior abdomen wall is an obvious physical sign but its etiology is complex to determine and may be potentially lethal. The pathophysiological mechanism involved is the emergence of a pressure gradient between the peritoneum and surrounding structures, causing rupture of the anterior abdominal wall, allowing gas from a perforation to diffuse along tissue planes.

CONCLUSION

This physical sign may be of especial value in elderly patient groups amongst whom perforation may be less clinically obvious. General surgeons should bear in mind this rare complication of colonic diverticulosis.     

���������Ⱦ��Ƥ�����׵�ԭ�������

牙拔除术是一种常见的口腔外科手术,在术中、术后均可能会引起一些并发症,感染和皮下气肿就是其中的两种。本文针对拔牙术后感染和皮下气肿的发生原因、临床表现、治疗方式和预防措施进行阐述,以期为临床上避免或减少该类并发症的发生提供参考。     

Reduced area of the normal lung on high-resolution computed tomography predicts poor survival in patients with lung cancer and combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

Background

This study aimed to determine the radiologic predictors and clarify the clinical features related to survival in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) and lung cancer.