头孢呋辛钠联合清开灵对老年肺气肿合并感染的临床效果及预后分析

目的探讨头孢呋辛钠联合清开灵治疗老年肺气肿合并感染的临床疗效,并分析其对患者的预后影响。方法选取我院2013年12月~2017年12月期间所收治的680例老年肺气肿合并感染患者作为本次研究对象,按照就诊时间将其分为研究组和对照组,对照组患者应用清开灵治疗,研究组采取头孢呋辛钠联合清开灵治疗,对比分析两组患者的平均住院时间、症状缓解时间与体温恢复正常时间,并观察两组的临床治疗总有效率。结果研究组显效204例,有效124例,对照组显效126例,有效150例,研究组临床总有效率为96.47%,明显高于对照组(81.18%),研究组患者的平均住院时间(10.52±2.34)d、体温恢复正常时间(3.11±1.39)d与症状缓解时间(5.74±1.49)d均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年肺气肿合并感染患者应用头孢呋辛钠与清开灵联合治疗的效果显著,能够有效改善患者的临床症状,缩短住院时间,值得应用。     

Fibrosis with emphysema

Wright J L, Tazelaar H D & Churg A (2011) Histopathology  58 , 517–524
Fibrosis with emphysema The concept of fibrosis with emphysema is confused by the existence of two very different clinical/pathological scenarios: first, cases in which a diffuse fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, most commonly usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), occurs in a patient with emphysema. This combination is largely of clinical interest because of its effects on pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension, but can produce unusual appearances in surgical lung biopsies when the fibrotic areas are wrapped around emphysematous spaces. However, the underlying morphology of emphysema and UIP or other interstitial lung disease remains unchanged. Radiological consultation is often helpful to show that the patient has both lesions; secondly, cases in which there is localized fibrosis that is part of emphysema, or related to respiratory bronchiolitis, or both. These lesions have been called ‘respiratory bronchiolitis’ (RB), ‘respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease’ (RB‐ILD), ‘airspace enlargement with fibrosis’, ‘RB‐ILD with fibrosis’ and ‘clinically occult interstitial fibrosis in smokers’, but are probably all the same entity. Such changes are associated only rarely with the physiological or radiological features of an interstitial lung disease. Care should be taken when describing these lesions in biopsies so as not to give the impression that a diffuse interstitial lung disease is present.     

A new frontier in pharmacology: the endoplasmic reticulum as a regulated export pathway in health and disease

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the first secretory compartment of eukaryotic cells, co-ordinates the biogenesis and export of all membrane-bound and soluble cargo molecules to the cell surface. ER function is now recognised to have unprecedented links with signalling pathways regulating cell growth and differentiation and host physiology. Misfolding and aggregation of newly synthesised proteins in the ER or alterations in ER processing of cargo mediated by pathogens is responsible for a broad range of diseases including cystic fibrosis, emphysema and neuropathies such as Alzheimer’s disease. The central, integrative role of the ER in determining cell physiology in health and disease represents an untapped area for pharmacological intervention. This review focuses on the potential use of pharmacological agents to modulate cargo selection, folding and degradation in the ER with the goal of alleviating ER export disease. In addition, implementation of novel technologies that utilise normal ER function to store and release biologically active substances of therapeutic relevance are presented as a new frontier in drug delivery.     

Bilateral periorbital and cervicofacial emphysema following retinal surgery and fluid gas exchange in a case of inadvertent globe perforation

Surgical emphysema is defined as gas or air trapped in the subcutaneous tissue plane. Here, we report a rare case of bilateral periorbital and cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema following a vitreoretinal surgery for inadvertent globe perforation during the administration of peribulbar anesthesia. This condition, although self-resolving when restricted to the subcutaneous plane has the potential to spread into deeper tissue planes such as the retropharyngeal space. The presence of crepitus helps to distinguish it from angioneurotic edema. Ophthalmologists must be sensitive to the fact that surgical emphysema can be a very rare, but possible complication of an intraocular surgery following globe perforation.     

基质金属蛋白酶在阻塞性肺气肿大鼠模型中的表达及部分细胞因子的水平

目的　观察基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )和MMP 9在阻塞性肺气肿大鼠模型中的表达及白细胞介素 (IL) 1 0和肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)α的水平。方法　 2 4只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为 2组 ,每组1 2只 ,阻塞性肺气肿模型组 :将大鼠置于自制有机玻璃染毒箱内进行被动吸烟 (金键牌香烟 ) ,每天 2次 ,每次 1 6支 ,持续 30min ,2次之间间隔 4h ,连续 75d。健康对照组大鼠 2级实验动物房内室温常规饲养。 2组大鼠行第 0 3秒钟用力呼气容积 (FEV0 3)、FEV0 3/用力肺活量 (FVC)、功能残气量 (FRC)的测定。大鼠处死后 ,行支气管肺泡灌洗 ,测支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)中白细胞总数和各分类细胞数、MMP 2和MMP 9的活性及IL 1 0和TNFα的含量。免疫组化法检测支气管、肺组织中MMP 2和MMP 9的表达及其蛋白相对含量。Weigert弹力纤维染色观察弹力纤维的变化。结果　阻塞性肺气肿模型组大鼠支气管黏膜上皮大片脱落 ,管壁及周围大量的单核细胞和淋巴细胞浸润 ;肺泡结构紊乱 ,肺泡壁变薄或断裂 ,肺泡弹性减弱 ,呈囊状扩张 ,肺泡腔扩大 ,部分融合成肺大疱。与健康对照组相比 ,阻塞性肺气肿模型组大鼠FEV0 3[(5 1 2± 0 42 )ml]、(FEV0 3/FVC)× 1 0 0 % [(71 1 5± 9 84) ]显著降低 ,FRC[(7 2 2± 2 1 8)ml]显著增加 (P值均 <     

Imaging of pulmonary emphysema: A pictorial review

The term ‘emphysema’ is generally used in a morphological sense, and therefore imaging modalities have an important role in diagnosing this disease. In particular, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a reliable tool for demonstrating the pathology of emphysema, even in subtle changes within secondary pulmonary lobules. Generally, pulmonary emphysema is classified into three types related to the lobular anatomy: centrilobular emphysema, panlobular emphysema, and paraseptal emphysema. In this pictorial review, we discuss the radiological – pathological correlation in each type of pulmonary emphysema. HRCT of early centrilobular emphysema shows an evenly distributed centrilobular tiny areas of low attenuation with ill-defined borders. With enlargement of the dilated airspace, the surrounding lung parenchyma is compressed, which enables observation of a clear border between the emphysematous area and the normal lung. Because the disease progresses from the centrilobular portion, normal lung parenchyma in the perilobular portion tends to be preserved, even in a case of far-advanced pulmonary emphysema. In panlobular emphysema, HRCT shows either panlobular low attenuation or ill-defined diffuse low attenuation of the lung. Paraseptal emphysema is characterized by subpleural well-defined cystic spaces. Recent topics related to imaging of pulmonary emphysema will also be discussed, including morphometry of the airway in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, combined pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary emphysema, and bronchogenic carcinoma associated with bullous lung disease.     

抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿疗效分析

目的：探讨抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效。方法选取2012年8月～2014年8月治疗的54例慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各26例,均进行吸氧、支气管扩张、祛痰和抗生素等基础治疗,观察组在基础治疗方式上采用泼尼松进行治疗。结果治疗后,观察组的总有效率（80．43％）明显高于对照组（93．48％）,观察组病人不良反应发生率（6．52％）明显低于对照组（13．04％）,（P＜0．05）。结论抗生素联合糖皮质激素治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿,疗效显著,安全性高。