Diversity and challenges in the management of maternity care for migrant women

lyberg a., viken b., haruna m. & severinsson e. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management 20, 287–295
Diversity and challenges in the management of maternity care for migrant women Aim To illuminate midwives’ and public health nurses’ perceptions of managing and supporting prenatal and postnatal migrant women in Norway. Background Migrant women are affected by social inequalities and likely to have had experiences during and after the migration process that could influence their physical, mental and social well-being. Methods Multistage focus group interviews were conducted and data were analysed in accordance to conventional interpretative qualitative content analysis. Results The overarching theme ‘Managing and supporting educational, relational and cultural diversity in maternity care’ was characterized by two themes ‘Health challenges’ and ‘Cultural challenges’. Each theme contained several subthemes. The interviews revealed that Norwegian maternity care is not adjusted to migrant women’s needs. The management is the same for everybody who avails of the service. Conclusion The Norwegian model for managing cultural diversity in maternity care needs to be developed. Capacity building and a closer cooperation between maternity care services is necessary. Implications for midwives and nursing management Maternity care requires reflection at several levels to reduce disparities in individual health. In order to ensure continuity and a trusting relationship, it is necessary to organize leadership and adopt flexible models that support migrant women’s health.     

贵州清水江天柱段流域不同生境蚊类多样性调查

目的 调查贵州清水江流域不同生境蚊类多样性,为蚊媒病预防和控制提供依据.方法 2012年7～8月历时10 d,在清水江天柱段流域,选择清水江江边、稻田、竹林、人工杉木林、天然次生林、小溪边等6种不同类型生境,应用二氧化碳诱蚊灯诱集成蚊,对蚊类多样性进行分析.结果 共捕获蚊虫14 354只,分属6个属,21种,其中中华按蚊、魏仙库蚊和三带喙库蚊分别占总数的44.00％,15.88％,21.01％为优势种;物种丰富度以竹林最高,杉木人工林和江边最低.Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数以竹林最高,杉木人工林和清水江江边最低.结论 清水江天柱段流域中华按蚊、魏仙库蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势种,这些优势种传播的乙脑、疟疾、马来丝虫病是今后疾病监测和预防的重点.     

Investigation of Association between oipA and iceA1/iceA2 Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer in Iran

Background: H pylori is the main causative agent of Gastric cancer and chronic gastritis. Genetic diversityof H. pylori has major contribution in its pathogenesis. We investigated the prevalence of oipA and iceA1/iceA2positive strains of H. pylori among patients with gastric cancer and gastritis. Materials and Methods: Samplingperformed by means of endoscopy from 86 patients. DNA was extracted from tissue samples using DNA extractionkit. PCR assay was performed and products were monitored by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Results: UreaseTest and 16S rRNA PCR did not show significant differences in detection of H. pylori. The frequency of iceA1allele in patients with gastric cancer was significantly higher than those with gastritis (p<0.05). However, therewas no significant difference in prevalence of oipA and iceA2 genes among the two groups of patients (p>0.05).Conclusions: The iceA1 gene, but the oipA and iceA2 genes , is associated with H. pylori-induced gastric cancer.However, confirmatory studies must be performed in future.     

Viral evolution and transmission effectiveness

Different viruses transmit among hosts with different degrees of efficiency. A basic reproductive number (R₀) indicates an average number of cases getting infected from a single infected case. R₀ can vary widely from a little over 1 to more than 10. Low R₀ is usually found among rapidly evolving viruses that are often under a strong positive selection pressure, while high R₀ is often found among viruses that are highly stable. The reason for the difference between antigenically diverse viruses with low R₀, such as influenza A virus, and antigenically stable viruses with high R₀, such as measles virus, is not clear and has been a subject of great interest. Optimization of transmissibility fitness considering intra-host dynamics and inter-host transmissibility was shown to result in strategies for tradeoff between transmissibility and diversity. The nature of transmission, targeting either a naïve children population or an adult population with partial immunity, has been proposed as a contributing factor for the difference in the strategies used by the two groups of viruses. The R₀ determines the levels of threshold heard immunity. Lower R₀ requires lower herd immunity to terminate an outbreak. Therefore, it can be assumed that the outbreak saturation can be reached more readily when the R₀ is low. In addition, one may assume that when the outbreak saturation is reached, herd immunity may provide a strong positive selection pressure that could possibly result in an occurrence of escape mutants. Studies of these hypotheses will give us an important insight into viral evolution. This review discusses the above hypotheses as well as some possible mechanistic explanation for the difference in transmission efficiency of viruses     

Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of Picobirnavirus in Wild Deer and Cattle from Australia: Evidence of Genogroup I and II in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) have been detected in several species of animals worldwide; however, data pertaining to their presence in Australian wild and domestic animals are limited. Although PBVs are mostly found in faecal samples, their detection in blood and respiratory tract samples raises questions concerning their tropism and pathogenicity. We report here PBV detection in wild deer and cattle from southeastern Australia. Through metagenomics, the presence of PBV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in deer serum and plasma. Molecular epidemiology studies targeting the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene were performed in a wide range of specimens (serum, faeces, spleen, lung, nasal swabs, and trachea) collected from wild deer and cattle, with PCR amplification obtained in all specimen types except lung and spleen. Our results reveal the predominance of GI and concomitant detection of both genogroups in wild deer and cattle. In concordance with other studies, the detected GI sequences displayed high genetic diversity, however in contrast, GII sequences clustered into three distinct clades. Detection of both genogroups in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and nasal swab) of deer in the present study gives more evidence about the respiratory tract tropism of PBV. Although much remains unknown about the epidemiology and tropism of PBVs, our study suggests a wide distribution of these viruses in southeastern Australia.     

DNA多态性与绵羊遗传育种的研究进展

本文在对DNA多态性分析技术概述的基础上,对DNA多态性在绵羊遗传多样性和亲缘关系研究以及遗传图谱的绘制和分子标记辅助育种方面的应用进展作了综述。     

不同种植制度和施肥处理对杭白菊土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

目的:分析不同种植制度和施肥处理对杭白菊土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,以期为杭白菊合理的栽培模式建立提供科学依据.方法:结合杭白菊产量和品质,采用Biolog法对不同种植制度和施肥处理共8个处理的杭白菊土壤微生物功能多样性进行分析.结果:AWCD值杭白菊水旱轮作地＞杭白菊连作地;有机肥和氮磷钾复合肥配施＞单施有机肥＞单施氮磷钾复合肥＞不施肥.杭白菊土壤微生物碳源利用的主成分分析表明主成分1的贡献率为45.5％,主成分2的贡献率为12.1％,可以解释变异的绝大部分信息.在主成分1轴上杭白菊的不同种植制度出现分异,在主成分2轴上杭白菊的不同施肥处理出现分异.杭白菊的产量、挥发油含量,水旱轮作地显著高于相应的连作地,绿原酸含量和总黄酮含量各施肥处理均显著高于不施肥处理.结论:杭白菊生产应采用有机肥和氮磷钾复合肥配施,水旱轮作的栽培模式.     

半夏种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP分析

目的:利用SRAP标记技术对全国不同产地和表型的半夏居群进行了遗传多样性分析.方法:从80对引物中筛选出14对合适的引物进行半夏不同居群的SRAP分析,用SPSS 16.0软件分析,建立Jaccard相关系数矩阵,构建遗传树系图.结果:14对SRAP引物共扩增出171条带,多态位点百分率为15.8%,35个半夏居群中表型先于产地聚类在一起.结论:SRAP标记适合于半夏的DNA遗传多样性分析;在半夏种质资源划分上产地较表型更为重要.