Techniques for Eliciting Human Intelligence: Examining Possible Order Effects of the Scharff Tactics

The present study examines non-coercive interview techniques aimed for eliciting intelligence from human sources. Two versions of the Scharff technique were compared against the direct approach (a combination of open-ended and specific questions). The Scharff conditions were conceptualised into four tactics and differed with respect to when the confirmation tactic was implemented: before or after an initial open-ended question. Participants (n = 93) took the role of a source in a phone interview and were instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too little or too much information. In general, the Scharff technique outperformed the direct approach on all important measures. The sources in the Scharff conditions revealed more new information, and found it more difficult to understand the interviewer's information objectives. Importantly, the sources interviewed by the Scharff technique underestimated how much new information they revealed, whereas the sources interviewed by the direct approach overestimated the amount of new information revealed. Although no clear order effects of the Scharff tactics were found, we introduce an alternative method for implementing the confirmation tactic.     

Non-Pharmacological Intervention in Primary Hypertension in Childhood

In children with blood pressure levels persistently in the upper part of the distribution and without evidence for known causes of hypertension, one may ask which approach should be used to lower blood pressure. In general, non-pharmacological intervention will be preferred over drug treatment as a first choice in children with primary hypertension. No specific non-pharmacological treatment is available for children with high blood pressure. The main objective of this review is to underscore the need for further intervention studies in hypertensive children. Although the scientific evidence is rather scanty, some general recommendations concerning body weight, physical activity and fitness, dietary intake of electrolytes and relaxation procedures can be made. In obese children, weight reduction, combined with increase of physical activity, is the measure of first choice to lower blood pressure. In children with a high sympathetic outflow, as evidenced by high levels of circulating catecholamines, increase of physical activity and use of relaxation procures may be the first approach to lower blood pressure. In children with evidence for disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, as evidenced by high intralymphocytic sodium, low serum calcium, or high PTH, a dietary approach to high blood pressure may be used. In these children, an increase of potassium intake or calcium intake seems a promising way to lower blood pressure.     

护理干预对提高玻璃体腔硅油填充术患者体位依从性的探讨

目的 探讨护理干预对提高玻璃体腔内硅油填充术患者体位依从性的效果影响.方法 按手术时间先后顺序将60例复杂性视网膜脱离患者分为两组,对照组按眼科疾病常规护理,进行特殊体位指导；干预组在此基础上由专人实施术前特殊体位的示范和指导,术后在认知、行为、体位方面进行护理干预.观察两组患者在采取特殊体位过程中的不适症状及体位的依从时间.结果 实验组患者较对照组特殊体位持续时间长,出现的并发症与局部不适症状少而轻.结论 护理干预可提高玻璃体腔内硅油填充术患者特殊体位的依从性,保证术后的有效体位,减轻因体位引起的不适症状,减少并发症的发生,提高手术的成功率.     

团体干预在改善护理专业学生对精神病公众污名态度中的效果评价

目的评价团体干预在改善护理专业学生对精神病公众污名态度方面的效果。方法采用类实验性研究,选取符合纳入标准的护理专业在校生110名作为干预对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(55名)和观察组(55名),观察组在对照组常规干预的基础上实施团体干预,采用精神病公众污名量表和社交距离量表进行评估,比较干预前、干预后0月、干预后1个月、干预后3个月数据结果。结果时间因素或干预因素引起污名、接纳及社交距离量表得分的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),且得分在时间效应和干预效应之间存在交互作用(P0.01)。结论团体干预能够改善护理专业学生对精神病患者污名的态度,促进其对患者的接纳及缩短其与患者的社交距离,且干预后态度及行为的改变能够保持一定的时间。     

Role of intravascular ultrasound in unprotected left main percutaneous coronary intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the unprotected left main stem offers an attractive alternative to bypass grafting, but is associated with a significant clinical risk and therefore demands special consideration. Successful left main PCI is dependent upon the morphology of the lesion and the technical quality of the procedure. For these reasons, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been the most popular adjunct to coronary angiography during left main PCI. However, trials of IVUS in left main PCI have produced inconclusive results, and most data predate the use of drug-eluting stents. Despite this, IVUS offers practical benefits in both case selection, and in guiding angioplasty and stenting. Here, we review the arguments for the present and future role of IVUS in left main PCI.     

农村高血压患者遵医不良原因分析与干预对策探讨

目的:了解农村高血压患者遵医不良的原因,并提出社区干预及对策.方法:自行设计高血压患者遵医行为问卷,对216例农村高血压患者进行调查.结果:患者按医嘱服药、饮食控制、适量运动、戒烟酒、自我监测、定期复查、乐观情绪的完全遵医率分别为38.2％、45.4％、51.8％、36.6％、17.6％、29.3％、51.8％.不遵医的主要原因为对自身疾病认识不足、医疗意向不明确以及复诊条件限制等；由于遵医不良,50％的患者(108例)发生并发症.结论:农村高血压患者遵医较差,应加强社区干预,提高患者遵医率.     

Gender differences and bleeding complications after PCI on first and second generation DES

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender differences in the long-term clinical outcomes and safety of patients treated with first- and second generation DES. Methods. The Katowice–Zabrze Registry included 1916 consecutive patients treated with either first or second generation DES. We evaluated major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) [composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and target vessel revascularization (TVR)] at 12-month follow-up. Safety end point was bleeding complications and stent thrombosis. Results. Registry included [unstable angina (UA) 1500(78%), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 285 (15%), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction/left bundle branch block (STEMI/LBBB) 131 (7%)]. There were 35.5% females and 64.5% males. Women were older and had higher prevalence of comorbidities. Males more often had multivessel disease and higher Syntax score when comparable to females. We did not observed difference in acute and subacute stent thrombosis in our data, however, females had more in-hospital bleeding complications. Univariable Cox regression analysis revealed that women had similar outcomes when compared to men in terms of a risk of death, MI, TVR, stroke and MACCE at 1-year follow-up. There were no differences between males and females in MACCE when first- and second generation DES were analyzed separately. Conclusion. Despite higher risk profile, women treated with DES have similar outcomes as males in 1-year follow-up. However there is, an increased risk of in-hospital bleedings in women.