Evaluating Epidemiology and Improving Surveillance of Infections Associated with Health Care,United States

The Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC), launched in 2009, is the newest major activity of the Emerging Infections Program. The HAIC activity addresses population- and laboratory-based surveillance for Clostridium difficile infections, candidemia, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Other activities include special projects: the multistate Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey and projects that evaluate new approaches for improving surveillance. The HAIC activity has provided information about the epidemiology and adverse health outcomes of health care–associated infections and antimicrobial drug use in the United States and informs efforts to improve patient safety through prevention of these infections.     

粪菌移植在炎症性肠病中的治疗进展

炎症性肠病(IBD)是肠道慢性、复发性自身免疫性疾病,是由遗传易感的宿主对肠道菌群异常的免疫反应所致。近年来,肠道菌群与IBD患病的关系倍受关注。粪菌移植(FMT)是将健康人肠道菌群移植至病人的胃肠道内,重建具有正常功能的肠道菌群。许多研究结果表明,FMT在IBD治疗中有效。以下就国内外FMT中心发表的FMT在IBD病人中治疗进展作一综述。     

Mortality review as a tool to assess the contribution of healthcare-associated infections to death: results of a multicentre validity and reproducibility study, 11 European Union countries, 2017 to 2018

IntroductionThe contribution of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) to mortality can be estimated using statistical methods, but mortality review (MR) is better suited for routine use in clinical settings. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control recently introduced MR into its HAI surveillance.AimWe evaluate validity and reproducibility of three MR measures.MethodsThe on-site investigator, usually an infection prevention and control doctor, and the clinician in charge of the patient independently reviewed records of deceased patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia, Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) or surgical site infection (SSI), and assessed the contribution to death using 3CAT: definitely/possibly/no contribution to death; WHOCAT: sole cause/part of causal sequence but not sufficient on its own/contributory cause but unrelated to condition causing death/no contribution, based on the World Health Organization’s death certificate; QUANT: Likert scale: 0 (no contribution) to 10 (definitely cause of death). Inter-rater reliability was assessed with weighted kappa (wk) and intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC). Reviewers rated the fit of the measures.ResultsFrom 2017 to 2018, 24 hospitals (11 countries) recorded 291 cases: 87 BSI, 113 pneumonia , 71 CDI and 20 SSI. The inter-rater reliability was: 3CAT wk 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61–0.75); WHOCAT wk 0.65 (95% CI: 0.58–0.73); QUANT ICC 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71–0.81). Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.72 for pneumonia to 0.52 for CDI. All three measures fitted ‘reasonably’ or ‘well’ in > 88%.ConclusionFeasibility, validity and reproducibility of these MR measures was acceptable for use in HAI surveillance.     

粪菌移植在儿科应用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

粪菌移植(FMT)可将健康人粪便中的各种肠道微生物、代谢产物和天然抗菌物质等移植到受者肠道内,可重建肠道菌群平衡、修复肠黏膜屏障、控制炎症反应、调节机体免疫,是治疗肠道菌群失调所致疾病的新方法。FMT治疗儿童复发性艰难梭菌感染已写入复发性艰难梭菌感染的诊疗指南。FMT治疗儿童炎症性肠病、孤独症谱系障碍的有效性及安全性较好。     

难辨梭菌鉴定培养基临床应用评估

目的评估难辨梭菌鉴定培养基(CDIF)的应用价值。方法用方法学评估研究。对临床收集的255份粪便标本同步进行CDIF培养基和环丝氨酸-头孢西丁-果糖琼脂培养基(CCFA)培养,并对CDIF培养基上的所有菌株及CCFA培养基上的典型菌株进行基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱鉴定。结果 255份粪便标本中,经CDIF培养24 h后出现典型菌株64株,经质谱鉴定为难辨梭菌58株;另有3株无色透明菌落的菌株被质谱鉴定为难辨梭菌。以质谱鉴定结果为参考,CDIF培养基对难辨梭菌鉴定的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为95.1%(58/61)、96.9%(188/194)、90.6%(58/64)和98.4%(188/191)。CCFA培养48 h后生长的典型菌株经质谱鉴定为难辨梭菌61株。CDIF培养基和CCFA培养基上经质谱鉴定为难辨梭菌的菌落中,分离单一菌种比例分别为80.3%(49/61)和77.0%(47/61);CDIF培养基上菌落生长密度高于CCFA培养基。结论 CDIF培养基具有快速准确、操作简便、成本较低的特点,为难辨梭菌感染的实验室诊断提供了新的选择。     

Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection with emergent fecal microbiota transplantation in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and prolonged,severe neutropenia

We present a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and prolonged, severe neutropenia who developed fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection refractory to medical therapy and was high‐risk for surgical intervention. He was treated with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for life‐saving cure. The patient had subsequent clinical improvement, however, developed multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia 2 days post‐procedure. We describe subsequent investigation of this event that found this bacteremia was not related to the donor stool administered during FMT. This case adds to the literature that FMT could be considered in heavily immunocompromised patients with fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection where maximal medical therapy has been ineffective and surgery may carry an excessively high mortality risk.