Elevated risk of death and major cardiovascular events in subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes: Findings from an administrative database

AimsTo investigate the incidence of major cardiovascular complications and mortality in the first years of follow-up in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.Methods and resultsWe examined incidence rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons and death among new patients with diabetes using the administrative health database of the nine million inhabitants of Lombardy followed from 2002 to 2007. Age and sex-adjusted rates were calculated and hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with a matched population without diabetes of the same sex, age (±1 year) and general practitioner.There were 158,426 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and 314,115 subjects without diabetes. Mean follow-up was 33.0 months (SD ± 17.5). 9.7% of patients with diabetes were hospitalized for cardiovascular events vs. 5.4% of subjects without diabetes; mortality rate was higher in patients with diabetes (7.7% vs. 4.4%). The estimated probability of hospitalization during the follow up was higher in patients with diabetes than in subjects without for coronary heart disease (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.4), cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.3.95% CI 1.2–1.3), heart failure (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.4) as was mortality (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.4–1.4).Younger patients with diabetes had a risk of death or hospital admission for cardio-cerebrovascular events similar to subjects without diabetes ten years older.ConclusionsThe elevated morbidity and mortality risks were clear since the onset of diabetes and rose over time. These data highlight the importance of prompt and comprehensive patients care in addition to anti-diabetic therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.     

广西地区汉族2型糖尿病血管并发症与血管紧张素转换酶Ⅰ基因多态性关系的研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病 (DM)及血管并发症与ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)多态性的相关情况。方法　采用多聚酶链反应 (PCR)技术 ,对 12 0名广西地区汉族 2型DM组及 10 0名汉族正常对照组ACE基因I/D多态性进行检测。结果　 2型糖尿病肾病 (DN)组ACE基因D等位基因及DD基因型频率高于正常对照组 ,Ⅰ等位基因及Ⅱ基因型频率低于正常对照组 ;2型DM合并冠心病 (CHD)组ID基因型频率高于无CHD组 ,Ⅱ型基因频率低于无CHD组。 2型DM并视网膜病变 (DR)组ACE基因各等位基因及基因型频率与无DR组及正常对照组比较无统计学意义 ;2型DM并高血压组 (HP)ACE基因各等位基因及基因型频率与无HP组及正常对照组比较无统计学意义。结论　①广西地区汉族 2型DM合并DN及合并CHD与ACE基因I/D多态性有关 ;②DD基因型及D等位基因可能为 2型DM合并DN的易感基因 ,Ⅱ型及Ⅰ型等位基因可能为 2型DM合并DN的保护基因 ;ID型基因可能为 2型DM合并CHD的易感基因 ,Ⅱ型基因可能为 2型DM合并CHD的保护基因。③广西汉族 2型DM合并HP及合并DR与ACE基因I/D多态性无关联。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂肾保护作用的有效剂量探讨

目的　探讨ACEI肾保护作用的有效剂量。方法　原发性肾小球疾病患者 15 4例。分别实施Captopril、Cilazapril和Enalapril各高、低两个剂量组以及作为对照给予Amlodipine治疗 4个月。治疗前、后每月检测平均动脉压、尿蛋白、尿白蛋白排泄率、尿钠、尿尿素氮和肾功能 ,并检测患者ACE基因表型。结果　①各组间ACE基因表型分布和蛋白质、食盐摄入量无明显差别 ;②三种ACEI的高、低剂量组间的抗尿蛋白作用和对肾功能的影响无明显差别。结论　对原发性肾小球疾病患者低剂量的ACEI也具备良好的肾保护作用。     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme and bradykinin gene polymorphisms and cough: A meta-analysis

AIM:To evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms and angiotensin converting enzyme in-hibitor (ACEI)-related cough,and the race-or ethnicity-related difference in the prevalence of cough attributed to ACEI therapy.METHODS:We conducted a search in PubMed,EM-BASE,Cinahl,and the Cochrane Database without language limitation.A database of 11 studies on ACEI-related cough,with detailed information regarding ACE I/D or bradykinin B 2 receptor polymorphisms,was created.Eligible studies were synthesized using meta-analysis methods,including cumulative meta-analysis.A subgroup analysis was also performed using ethnicity.RESULTS:Six studies were included on ACE I/D poly-morphism (398 Caucasians,723 East Asians),and three studies were included on bradykinin B 2 receptor poly-morphism (300 East Asians).The distribution of ACE genotypes showed significant differences in the entire population (P=0.004) and in East Asians (P=0.005)but not in Caucasians (P=0.23).Allelic frequencies of ACE showed significant differences in East Asians [odds ratio (OR)=1.49 (1.11-2.02)].The meta-analysis with a random effects model showed a significant associa-tion between ACE allele I/D and ACEI-related cough [random effects (RE) OR=1.49 (1.11-2.02),P=0.009] in East Asians,but not in Caucasians [RE OR=0.90 (0.60-1.35)].The allelic frequencies of the bradykinin B 2 receptor gene were significantly different [OR=2.25 (1.42-3.57)].The distributions of the T/C genotypes of the bradykinin B 2 receptor gene were significantly dif-ferent (χ 2=8.366,P=0.015).The meta-analyses re-vealed that there was a significant association between the bradykinin B 2 receptor allele and ACEI-related cough in East Asians [RE OR=2.29 (1.42-3.69),P=0.001].CONCLUSION:ACE I/D and Bradykinin B 2 receptor polymorphisms contributed to the risk of ACEI-related cough in East Asians,but a negative association be-tween ACE I/D polymorphism and ACEI-related cough was observed in Caucasians.     

心力衰竭大鼠ACE/ACE2相互负向调节及卡维地洛的作用

目的 探讨心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠心肌组织血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）与ACE2相互负向调节及卡维地洛的作用。方法 结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支复制心肌梗死后心力衰竭模型,随机分为心力衰竭组,卡维地洛组和假手术组;喂养2个月后检测血流动力学指标,计算左心室质量指数;放射免疫法测定心肌组织和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测心肌组织ACE和ACE2mRNA表达;蛋白质免疫印迹法检测心肌组织ACE和ACE2蛋白表达。结果 心力衰竭组大鼠循环和心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平明显升高（P〈0.01）,心肌组织ACE和ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达均增强（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,ACE/ACE2升高。卡维地洛组大鼠血流动力学指标改善（P〈0.01）,心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平下调（P〈0.05）,心肌组织ACE mRNA和蛋白表达下降（P〈0.01）,ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增强（P〈0.01）,ACE/ACE2降低。结论 心力衰竭大鼠心肌组织ACE和ACE2表达上调,ACE/ACE2升高;卡维地洛抑制ACE表达,增强ACE2表达,ACE/ACE2比值下降。     

Broken pump or leaky filter? Renal dysfunction in heart failure a contemporary review

Renal dysfunction is a frequent and progressive complication of chronic heart failure and is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular mortality. It is intimately associated with cardiovascular disease even in its earliest stages. Although cardiovascular and renal disease share many risk factors, the prognostic implications do not simply reflect widespread atherosclerotic vascular disease as this appears to be as important in those with heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as it is in those with coronary artery disease. There may be a role in the progression of heart failure, as the deleterious effects of even “mild” renal impairment seem to be borne out in predicting outcome, in a broad range of heart failure patients including those with heart failure and preserved systolic function. Renal dysfunction is both an indication for, as well as frequently limiting intervention with intensive disease modifying therapy. Although renal impairment is common in heart failure and these patients are at higher risk for adverse events including death, they are under represented in clinical trials.     

血管紧张素转换酶醛固酮合酶α-内收蛋白基因多态性与肾损害的关系

目的 研究血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因I/D、醛固酮合酶(CYP11B2)基因-344T/C和α-内收蛋白(α-adducin)基因460G/T多态性与肾损害的关系. 方法 应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性(RFI,P)技术检测604例血压正常者及1080例血肌酐(Cr)<2 mg/L高血压患者的ACE、CYPllB2、α-adducin基因多态性.用Cockcroft-Gault(CG)公式计算的内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)评价肾功能,分别将血压正常和高血压组分为肾功能正常组(Ccr≥60 ml/min)及肾损害组(Ccr<60 ml/min). 结果 经方差分析、列联x2和x2分割检验表明,ACE、CYPlIB2和基因各自的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡.血压肾功能正常、血压正常肾损害、高血压肾功能正常与高血压肾损害4组比较:血压正常肾损害组和高血压肾损害组年龄大于血压肾功能正常组和高血压肾功能正常组,分别为(72.7±11.4)岁、(70.5±10.1)岁与(57.4±11.1)岁和(58.0±10.1)岁(均为P<0.01),而血压正常肾损害组与高血压肾损害组、血压肾功能正常组与高血压肾功能正常组问比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).ACE-DD基因型分布频率在高血压肾损害组最高为22.6%(57/252),α-adducin-TT基因型分布频率在血压肾功能正常组最低为13.3%(68/512),分别与其他3组比较,差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.01),其他3组基因型分布频率比较,差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05).CYP11B2各基因型的分布频率4组比较,差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05). 结论 随增龄,肾功能异常增加,ACE-DD基因型与高血压肾损害相关,α-adducin-TT基因型与高血压和肾损害均相关,但未发现CYP11B2基因多态性与肾损害的关系.     

厄贝沙坦和咪达普利对高血压大鼠心肌细胞外信号调节激酶的影响

目的　探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂厄贝沙坦和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)咪达普利对高血压大鼠心肌细胞外信号调节激酶 (ERK)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶 1(MKP 1)的影响。方法　将 2 1只雄性自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)随机分成 3组 ,每组 7只。其中 2组分别灌喂厄贝沙坦 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1和咪达普利 3mg·kg-1·d-1;对照组给正常饮水 ,并与雄性同周龄WistarKyoto大鼠 (WKY) 6只比较。共 13周 ,用Western blot方法检测大鼠心肌ERK 1和MKP 1。结果　高血压对照组心肌ERK 1明显高于其他三组 (P <0 0 1) ,厄贝沙坦组高于咪达普利组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与WKY组接近 ;高血压对照组心肌MKP 1也明显高于其他三组 (P <0 0 1) ,厄贝沙坦组高于咪达普利组 (P <0 0 1) ;SHR对照组的心肌ERK 1/MKP 1值仍然明显高于其他三组 ,厄贝沙坦组低于咪达普利组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,两药物干预组的心肌ERK 1/MKP 1与WKY组无显著性差异。结论　血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂和ACEI均能通过抑制MAPK途径而抑制左室肥厚 ,厄贝沙坦和咪达普利均能显著抑制心肌的ERK 1和MKP 1,但是抑制ERK 1和MKP 1的强度并不平行 ;厄贝沙坦对MKP的影响较小 ,其对MAPK的总体抑制效应优于咪达普利 ,这种现象可能与刺激血管紧张素Ⅱ受体对MKP 1具有诱导作用有关     

Ⅰ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病的相关研究

目的　探讨Ⅰ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体 (AGTⅠR)基因多态性与糖尿病肾病 (DN)及病情发展的关系。方法　用PCR技术分别检测 86例 2型无肾病并发症糖尿病患者和 15 3例不同程度蛋白尿的DN患者AGTⅠR基因多态基因型。结果　糖尿病肾病患者与无肾病并发症糖尿病患者相比 ,AGTⅠR A116 6 C基因AC型频率和C突变基因的携带率增高 (分别为 9.15 %vs 2 .0 0 % ,4.5 8%vs1 16 % ) ,差异均有显著性 (χ2 =4.30 ,P <0 .0 5 ;χ2 =3.97,P <0 .0 5 ) ,AC型患者的血压高于AA型(t=2 .10 ,P <0 .0 5 )。不同病期糖尿病肾病各组之间AGTⅠR A116 6 C变异分布频率差异无显著性。结论　A116 6 C基因AC型 2型糖尿病患者易感肾病 ,检测AGTⅠR A116 6 C基因多态性可能有助于DN的预防