Conjugated Polymers: Where We Come From,Where We Stand,and Where We Might Go

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are electronic materials which always attract the joint attention of synthetic chemistry, physics, and engineering. The present article deals with “classical” CPs such as polyacetylenes and polyarylenes, and also with more sophisticated cases such as ladder polymers and graphene nanoribbons. CPs exhibit a wide variety of fascinating electrical and optical properties which qualify them as active components of devices. Their performance, however, is shown to sensitively depend upon structural perfection and purity as well as on the thin-film morphology, which is also influenced by processing procedures. Nowadays, the need for innovative energy technologies and sustainable materials and processes as well as the emerging new opportunities of quantum technologies, are adding further momentum to CP research.     

抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定重组E.coli L-天冬酰胺酶及药代动力学研究

目的建立大鼠血浆中重组E.coli L-天冬酰胺酶的抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法,并进行药代动力学研究。方法应用重组E.coli L-天冬酰胺酶免疫家兔,分离IgG,用DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化,辣根过氧化物酶标记抗体,建立抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法,测定大鼠血浆中重组E.coli L-天冬酰胺酶浓度。结果方法的线性范围为1～64 U·L^-1,血药浓度与时间的关系符合二房室模型,初期和末端的T_1/2分别为0.50～0.57 h和2.45～3.02 h,AUC与剂量成正比。结论建立的抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法在灵敏度、特异性、线性范围、精密度和回收率等方面,满足药代动力学研究要求。实验方法和重组E.coli L-天冬酰胺酶在大鼠中的药代动力学参数为临床研究提供了手段和依据。     

抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定重组E.coli L-门冬酰胺酶研究

用重组E.coliL-门冬酰胺酶免疫家兔，DEAE-纤维素柱层析纯化IgG，采用二步戊二醛交联法将辣根过氧化物酶标记抗体，建立抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法，测定大鼠血浆中重组E.coliL-门冬酰胺酶浓度。本测定方法的线性范围为1～64U/L，灵敏度为0.4U/L。建立的抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定大鼠血浆中重组E.coliL-门冬酰胺酶具有良好的精密度、回收率、灵敏度和特异性。     

小剂量雌激素替代治疗在子宫内膜异位症根治术后应用的疗效观察

目的 探讨倍美力对Ⅲ～Ⅳ期子宫内膜异位症根治术后（全子宫双侧附件切除）患者的激素替代作用。方法 41例内膜异位症患者根治术后并发严重围绝经期症状，用倍美力0．3mg（A组）、0．625mg（B组）、1．25mg（C组）治疗9个月，观察三组对围绝经期症状症状缓解、内膜异位症复发的影响及其副作用。结果 三组均能改善围绝经期症状，使K评分降低，提高E2水平，P〉0．05；三组间差异无显著性，副作用较小。结论 小剂量倍美力对子宫内膜异位症根治术后激素替代治疗是可行的。     

共轭亚油酸对动脉粥样硬化老龄大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的影响

目的:研究共轭亚油酸(CLA)对动脉粥样硬化(AS)老龄大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸组成的影响。方法:先用高脂饲料喂养SD老龄大鼠,建立AS模型后分别添加不同剂量的CLA,研究CLA对AS大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸含量和组成的影响。结果:CLA添加组均能改变实验大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的含量,血脂中甘油三酯的含量有显著性改变,对照组为1.15mmol/L,CLA添加组分别为0.97、0.91和0.92mmol/L,HDL-C/LDL-C的比值均有所降低;总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量CLA添加组比对照组显著降低,对照组为46.15%,CLA添加组分别为42.33%、41.34%和39.07%,;总单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、总CLA和总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量CLA添加组比对照组升高;M/P/S的比值CLA添加组与对照组相比MUFA和PUFA含量明显升高;n-3PUFA/n-6PUFA的比值,CLA添加组比对照组低。结论:CLA可以改善AS大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的含量和组成,具有一定的抗AS作用。     

Conjugated Polymer with On‐Chain Pt(II) Complex for Resistive Random‐Access Memory Device

A novel conjugated polymer, containing carbazole which acted as an electron‐donor moiety, and a Pt(II) complex which acted as an electron‐acceptor moiety, was synthesized and characterized. Electrical characterizations for the sandwiched polymer memory device (ITO/polymer/Al) indicate that the polymer possesses electrical bistability and the device exhibits resistive random‐access memory. The memory mechanism has been investigated through theoretical calculations and attributed to the formation and dissociation of a charge‐transfer state under the applied voltage. The device exhibits excellent memory performances, such as low threshold voltage, high ON/OFF current ratio, and good stability.     

The Use of Cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene Analogues for the Development of Low‐Bandgap Materials

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of low‐bandgap materials based on cyclopenta[1,2‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT). An array of electron‐poor monomers is synthesized and used to prepare homo‐ and alternating donor–acceptor copolymers. This yields polymers with low bandgaps (E_g = 1.12–1.23 eV) and broad light absorption (400–1100 nm). The influence of the electron‐withdrawing substituent and the donor material on the polymer properties is studied. It is demonstrated that the low bandgap is not a result of intramolecular charge transfer, but of a transition localized in the electron‐poor CPDT monomer. The bandgap can be correlated with the substituent on the CPDT monomer and is relatively independent of other parameters, resulting in materials with an easily tunable bandgap.     

Plasmodium falciparum synthetic LbL microparticle vaccine elicits protective neutralizing antibody and parasite-specific cellular immune responses

Epitopes of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic species of the malaria parasite, have been shown to elicit protective immunity in experimental animals and human volunteers. The mechanisms of immunity include parasite-neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit parasite motility in the skin at the site of infection and in the bloodstream during transit to the hepatocyte host cell and also block interaction with host cell receptors on hepatocytes. In addition, specific CD4+ and CD8+ cellular mechanisms target the intracellular hepatic forms, thus preventing release of erythrocytic stage parasites from the infected hepatocyte and the ensuing blood stage cycle responsible for clinical disease. An innovative method for producing particle vaccines, layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication of polypeptide films on solid CaCO₃ cores, was used to produce synthetic malaria vaccines containing a tri-epitope CS peptide T1BT* comprising the antibody epitope of the CS repeat region (B) and two T-cell epitopes, the highly conserved T1 epitope and the universal epitope T*. Mice immunized with microparticles loaded with T1BT* peptide developed parasite-neutralizing antibodies and malaria-specific T-cell responses including cytotoxic effector T-cells. Protection from liver stage infection following challenge with live sporozoites from infected mosquitoes correlated with neutralizing antibody levels. Although some immunized mice with low or undetectable neutralizing antibodies were also protected, depletion of T-cells prior to challenge resulted in the majority of mice remaining resistant to challenge. In addition, mice immunized with microparticles bearing only T-cell epitopes were not protected, demonstrating that cellular immunity alone was not sufficient for protective immunity. Although the microparticles without adjuvant were immunogenic and protective, a simple modification with the lipopeptide TLR2 agonist Pam₃Cys increased the potency and efficacy of the LbL vaccine candidate. This study demonstrates the potential of LbL particles as promising malaria vaccine candidates using the T1BT* epitopes from the P. falciparum CS protein.     

Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in biliary tract cancers: A review of current evidences and future perspectives

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of invasive neoplasms, with increasing incidence and dismal prognosis. In advanced disease, the standard of care is represented by first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine. In subsequent lines, no clear recommendations are currently available, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches.The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a core regulator of cell metabolism, growth and survival, and is involved in BTCs carcinogenesis and progression. Mutations, gene copy number alterations and aberrant protein phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and PTEN have been thoroughly described in BTCs and correlate with poor survival outcomes.Several pre-clinical evidences state the efficacy of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in BTCs, both in vitro and in vivo. In the clinical setting, initial studies with rapamycin analogs have shown interesting activity with an acceptable toxicity profile. Novel strategies evaluating AKT and PI3K inhibitors have risen serious safety concerns, pointing out the need for improved patient selection and increased target specificity for the clinical development of these agents, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy.This review extensively describes the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in BTCs and examines the rationale of its targeting in these tumors, with particular focus on clinical activity, toxicities and perspectives on further development of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors.