完全性左束支阻滞的临床意义探讨

目的：探讨完全性左束支阻滞（complete left bundle branch block,CLBBB）的临床意义。方法：对常规心电图检查为CLBBB的162例住院患者的动态心电图、超声心动图及冠状动脉造影检查结果进行回顾性分析。结果：动态心电图显示：97例患者合并各种类型心律失常。超声心动图显示：111例发生不同程度左房、左室肥大及心脏瓣膜病变,左室射血分数（LVEF）≤50%者80例。37例冠脉造影显示：以左前降支为主的单支及多支病变16例。结论：CLBBB多发生于老年患者,常见于器质性心脏病,主要为高血压、冠心病、退行性心脏瓣膜病、扩张性心肌病等,且多伴发各种类型心律失常,易导致心功能不全。临床应对CLBBB尤其是新发的CLBBB患者进行动态心电图及超声心动图评估,必要时行冠脉造影及心脏电生理检查以明确原因,及时采取治疗措施。     

QRS Fragmentation and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in MADIT II

QRS Fragmentation and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in MADIT II. Background: QRS fragmentation (fQRS) has been reported as a useful ECG parameter in predicting mortality in high‐risk postinfarction patients. Its prognostic value for sudden cardiac death (SCD) and ventricular arrhythmias in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) remains unknown. Methods: MADIT II enrollment 12‐lead ECGs were analyzed for fQRS defined as RSR’ patterns (≥1 R’ or notching of S or R wave) in patients with a normal QRS duration and >2 notches on the R or S wave in patients with abnormal QRS duration, present in 2 contiguous leads. Exclusion criteria included a paced rhythm and an uninterpretable or incomplete ECG. Study endpoints included SCD, SCD or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock, and total mortality (TM). Results: Of the 1,232 ECGs reviewed, 1,040 were of suitable quality for fQRS analysis. QRS fragmentation was found in 33% of patients in any leads, in 10% of patients in anterior leads, in 8% of patients in lateral leads and in 21% of patients in inferior leads. Anterior and lateral location of QRS fragmentation was not associated with follow‐up events. Inferior location of fQRS was found to be predictive of SCD/ICD shock (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, P = 0.032), SCD (HR 2.05, P = 0.007), and TM (HR 1.44, P = 0.036). This association was driven primarily by the increase in events found in LBBB patients: SCD/ICD shock (HR 2.05, P = 0.046), SCD (HR 4.24, P = 0.002), and TM (HR 2.82, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Fragmented QRS, especially identified in inferior leads, is predictive of SCD, SCD or appropriate ICD shock, and all‐cause mortality in patients with ICM. Identifying inferior fQRS in patients with LBBB is of particular prognostic significance and should reinforce the use of ICD therapy in this high‐risk group. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1343‐1348, December 2012)     

Laughter‐Induced Left Bundle Branch Block

Laughter‐Induced LBBB. We present the case of a patient with ischemic heart disease and intermittent left bundle branch block, reproducibly induced by laughter. Following treatment of ischemia with successful deployment of a drug‐eluting stent, no further episodes of inducible LBBB were seen. Transient ischemia, exacerbated by elevated intrathoracic pressure during laughter, may have contributed to onset of this phenomenon. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23 pp. 1136‐1138, October 2012)     

Microvascular and functional changes according to the fundus location of the affected arteriovenous crossing in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose:The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional changes occurring in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) according to the distance of the affected arteriovenous (AV) crossing to the centers of the fovea and optic disc by optic coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods:Forty-five patients with unilateral BRVO and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this retrospective observational study. Images of the macula (3 mm × 3 mm) and affected AV crossing sites were obtained by OCTA. The fovea-AV crossing distance (FAVD), optic disc-AV crossing distance (DAVD), and optic disc-fovea distance (DFD) were measured.Results:The FAVD/DFD ratio was positively correlated with the vessel density in the superficial and deep affected hemifields (r = 0.430, P < 0.05 and r = 0.308, P < 0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with the superficial foveal avascular zone and logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (r = –0.412, P < 0.05 and r = –0.356, P < 0.05, respectively). The DAVD/DFD ratio was not correlated with the logMAR visual acuity, superficial FAZ area or vessel densities in the affected hemifield (all P > 0.05).Conclusion:The affected AV crossing site that was further away from the fovea had better visual acuity and quantitative microvascular parameters in the affected hemifields. However, this correlation was not observed for the distance between the affected AV crossing site and the optic disc.     

OCTA观察BRVO患者黄斑区微血管的改变及其与预后的关系

目的：应用光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)观察视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者黄斑区微血管参数的变化及其与最佳矫正视力(BCVA)的相关性。

方法：采用OCTA对29例BRVO患者双眼后极部视网膜浅层毛细血管层进行扫描,获取基线、1、6mo复查时不同区域的血管线性密度(VD)、血流灌注密度(PD)、黄斑中心凹无血管区域(FAZ)面积和形态指数。

结果：BRVO组FAZ面积为0.32±0.08mm²,大于健侧眼组FAZ面积0.21±0.06mm²(t=-6.958,P<0.001); BRVO组与健侧眼组在3mm×3mm及6mm×6mm分析模式中比较全部区域的VD均有差异(P<0.05); BRVO组与健侧眼组在3mm×3mm分析模式中比较PD,中心环区和内环区均有差异(P<0.001),6mm×6mm分析模式中中心环区、外环区和完整区均有差异(P<0.05)。基线BCVA与6mo复查时BCVA比较有差异(t=2.43,P<0.05); BCVA(LogMAR)与3mm×3mm VD中心环区、PD中心环区及6mm×6mm PD中心环区、PD完整区呈正相关,与6mm×6mm PD外环区呈负相关。

结论：作为非侵入性检查手段,OCTA能够某种程度上反映BRVO患者黄斑区血流改变情况,黄斑区微血管的改变可能与预后存在相关。     

Visual acuity after intravitreal ranibizumab with and without laser therapy in the treatment of macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: a 12-month retrospective analysis

AIM: To identify factors contributing to visual improvement after treatment of macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and to assess the interaction between laser therapy and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had been treated for BRVO-related ME at our hospital. Records were traceable for at least 12mo, and evaluated factors included age, sex, medical history, smoking history, treatment methods, foveal hemorrhage, and change in visual acuity. Treatments included laser therapy, IVR, sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of triamcinolone (STTA), a combination, or no intervention. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and interaction terms were used to assess the clinical efficacy of the treatments, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients (34 men, 39 women; 73 eyes) with a mean age of 69.4±12.1y were included. Patients who underwent IVR monotherapy, laser monotherapy, and STTA+laser had significantly higher best corrected visual acuity at 12mo compared to baseline (P<0.001, <0.001, and 0.019, respectively). Logistic regression analysis without interaction terms found that IVR was a significant visual acuity recovery factor (adjusted OR: 3.89, 95%CI: 1.25-12.1, P=0.019). Adjusted OR using an interaction model by logistic regression was 16.6 (95%CI: 2.54-108.47, P=0.003) with IVR treatment, and 8.25 (95%CI: 1.34-50.57, P=0.023) with laser treatment. No interaction was observed (adjusted OR: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.01-0.75, P=0.029). CONCLUSION: IVR contributes to improvements in visual acuity at 12mo in ME secondary to BRVO. No interaction is observed between laser therapy and IVR treatments.     

VSD技术联合游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复手部桡侧半缺损

目的探讨应用负压封闭引流（vacuum sealing drainage,VSD）技术联合股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复手部桡侧半缺损的临床疗效。方法应用VSD技术联合股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复手部桡侧半缺损6例。急诊清创后,创面用VSD材料覆盖,二期行游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复,切取皮瓣面积最大为12cm×10cm．最小为10cm×8cm。结果6例6块皮瓣全部成活,无截肢病例,随访3个月～2年,平均12个月,皮瓣外形及感觉恢复良好,供区愈合良好。结论应用VSD技术联合游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复手部桡侧半缺损．可获得较好的临床效果。     

Compression du rameau superficiel du nerf radial par un kyste synovial du coude (À propos d’un cas et revue de littérature)

Compression of the radial nerve at the elbow is quite rare; entrapment of its superficial branch is exceptional. Extrinsic compression is the most frequent etiology. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a major role in the diagnosis, and early surgical excision or echoguided drainage – in case of synovial ganglion – allows a total recovery. The authors report the case of a compression of the superficial branch of radial nerve by an elbow synovial cyst treated by surgical resection.     

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for cervical pain

Ultrasound is a particularly valuable imaging technique when performing nerve blocks at the cervical level. High-frequency probes provide high-quality resolution and are safe in skilled hands. Typically, interventions performed at the cervical level have been carried out with the help of x-rays, with the corresponding disadvantages such as the exposure to radiation and the inherent inability to observe radiotransparent structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Ultrasound allows us to visualize soft tissues and guide the tip of the needle to our target, without harming particularly delicate structures found in the path of the needle. This is important in nerve root blocks where the identification of periradicular nerves is crucial for the safety of the block itself. Likewise, ultrasound allows us to manipulate the needle with greater precision in the correct location; as is the case in cervical sympathetic nerve block where we can observe the injection of the liquid behind the prevertebral fascia and in front of the fascia of the longus colli muscle. In this article, we describe the most frequent techniques used in the pain clinic to treat headache and cervical pain, with special emphasis on the safety of the procedure.