Hepatitis B virus infection in children

For two decades, hepatitis B vaccine has been integrated into national routine childhood vaccination programs in almost all countries. The prevalence of HBsAg has decreased in children worldwide. However, there are children who miss the benefit of hepatitis B vaccine in some regions and countries. Long-term follow-up studies have revealed the clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children. A small percentage of chronically infected children develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, it is controversial who should be treated and when antiviral treatment should be initiated in children. Compared with adult studies, the data are insufficient to evaluate the pathogenesis of hepatitis B infection and the efficacy of antiviral treatment in childhood. New antiviral drugs have been approved for children and adults. Also, oral antiviral drugs are administered to pregnant women to reduce the hepatitis B virus mother-to-child transmission rate.     

小儿乳糜腹的诊断与治疗

报道5例小儿乳糜腹,总结不同原因乳糜腹的诊断及治疗方法。5例均采用手术及TPN治疗。急性乳糜腹1例,行腹腔及腹膜后负压引流;慢性乳糜腹4例,腹膜乳糜囊肿切除1例,乳糜瘘缝扎1例,单腹腔引流2例。5例均治愈认为小儿乳糜腹在短期正规的非手术治疗效果不明显时早期积极的手术治疗可缩短疗程,减少并发症。     

弥漫性骨髓疾病的MRI诊断：附22例分析

本文分析了２２例经骨髓穿刺证实的弥漫性骨髓疾病的ＭＲＩ表现。其中儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ＡＬＬ）１６例，成人髓细胞性白血病１例，神经母细胞瘤骨髓转移２例，多发性骨髓瘤２例，高雪氏病１例。对１６例ＡＬＬ进行了定量研究（Ｔ１和Ｔ２值测定）。对上述各种疾病的病理改变及ＭＲＩ表现进行了讨论。结果表明ＭＲＩ对评价弥漫性骨髓疾病具有重要临床价值。     

Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent developmental disorder that seriously and negatively impacts a child's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to examine the magnitude of impact, domains affected and factors moderating the impact. This review included nine studies that compared HRQOL of children or adolescents with ADHD with those with typical development using both child self-reports and parent proxy-reports. Seven among nine studies were meta-analytically synthesized to examine the degree of impact of ADHD on children and adolescents, parent–child discrepancy, and the moderators. The results indicate that ADHD impact a child's or adolescent's HRQOL negatively with a moderate effect in physical and a severe effect in psychosocial (i.e., emotional, social, and school) domains. Parental ratings of overall HRQOL in children or adolescents with ADHD were not significantly different from child's ratings when compared with typically developing children and adolescents. Age was negatively associated with all domains of HRQOL in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent- and child-ratings, and the strongest effect was found in parental ratings of child's emotional HRQOL, with a moderate correlation. This meta-analysis suggests that HRQOL may be assessed in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent proxy- and child self-reports, and that interventions may be planned accordingly. Future meta-analysis may explore how measures of HRQOL and other factors including child, parental, familiar and school characteristics influence the impact of ADHD and the parent–child agreement in children and adolescents.     

Salter髂骨截骨联合股骨头圆韧带重建术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位

目的探讨Salter髂骨截骨联合股骨头圆韧带重建术治疗儿童发育性髋关节脱位的疗效。方法采用Salter髂骨截骨联合股骨头圆韧带重建术治疗39例(44髋)发育性髋关节脱位患儿。结果患儿均获随访,时间6～24个月。按照吉士俊等疗效评定标准进行评定:优35髋,良6髋,可3髋,优良率达93.2%。结论Salter髂骨截骨联合股骨头圆韧带重建术治疗学龄前儿童发育性髋关节脱位效果良好。     

从痰瘀互结理论浅谈儿童多动症的中医治疗

多动症临床辨证分型复杂,甚至无证可辨,其论治多从阴阳、五脏着手,病理产物不外乎痰与瘀。痰、瘀的产生不仅与阴阳平衡、五脏和谐与否密切相关,还参与多动症的发生发展。故临床辨证论治从痰瘀互结理论出发,化繁就简,取得良好疗效。     

Musculoskeletal extremity injuries in a cohort of schoolchildren aged 6–12: A 2.5‐year prospective study

The objectives of this prospective school cohort study were to describe the epidemiology of diagnosed musculoskeletal extremity injuries and to estimate the injury incidence rates in relation to different settings, different body regions and injury types. In all, 1259 schoolchildren, aged 6–12, were surveyed weekly during 2.5 years using a new method of automated mobile phone text messaging asking questions on the presence of any musculoskeletal problems. All injuries were clinically diagnosed. Physical activity was measured from text messaging and accelerometers. A total number of 1229 injuries were diagnosed; 180 injuries in the upper extremity and 1049 in the lower extremity, with an overall rate of 1.59 injuries per 1000 physical activity units [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50–1.68]. Upper extremities accounted for a rate of 0.23 (95% CI 0.20–0.27) and lower extremities accounted for 1.36 (95% CI 1.27–1.44). This study has added a wide overall perspective to the area concerning incidence and incidence rates of musculoskeletal extremity injuries in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years, including severe and less severe, traumatic, and overuse injuries. The understanding of injury epidemiology in children is fundamental to the acknowledgement and insurance of the appropriate prevention and treatment.     

儿童猫抓病诊治分析

目的探讨儿童猫抓病临床表现、实验室检查特点及治疗方法的选择。方法回顾性总结我院1993年1月至2004年8月收治的15例猫抓病患儿，其中男9例，女6例，年龄3～14岁。所有患儿均经手术治疗，病理确诊。结果15例患儿经抗生素和手术治疗后，均治愈并且无复发。结论对儿童猫抓病及早明确诊断和合理治疗，对其痊愈和并发症的预防具有重要的意义。