合肥市蜀山镇2～13岁儿童脑性瘫痪现况研究

目的 了解合肥市界山镇小儿脑瘫的流行现况。方法 于１９９８年对蜀山镇７３８８名２～１３岁的儿童进行脑瘫现患调查。结果 共发现脑瘫患儿１１例,总患病率为１．４９‰,其中男性６例（１．５１‰）,女性５例（１．４７‰）。２～５岁组儿童脑瘫的患经为０．５４‰,６～９岁组为２．０６％,１０～１３岁组为１．５３‰。脑瘫患儿中痉挛型６例,肌张力低下率为１．４９‰,男女性别患病率无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;各年龄组之     

Improving the quality of child health services: participatory action by providers.

OBJECTIVE: To test a quality improvement approach called COPE (Client-Oriented, Provider-Efficient services), for use in strengthening health systems and supporting Integrated Management of Child Health (IMCI) efforts. DESIGN: Pre- and post-intervention observations of client/provider interactions, facility audits, staff and client surveys, and focus groups to evaluate differences between eight COPE intervention and eight matched non-intervention facilities after a 15-month intervention in 2001. SETTING: Primary care clinics in Guinea and Kenya. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Health care providers and child caregivers. INTERVENTIONS: Over 15 months, the intervention supported four COPE exercises at each intervention site, supported supervisor training in quality management, and organized minimal training in topics selected by site staff as areas where training was needed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in staff's and child caregiver's knowledge, attitudes, and practices; differences in the quality of services provided. RESULTS: On almost every quality indicator (over 65 indicators), whether reported by staff, observed by evaluators, or reported by clients, the intervention sites performed statistically significantly better than control sites. INTERVENTION: sites were cleaner and more pleasant, with more respect and information for clients, and more privacy. Staff had better personal communication skills, better diagnostic skills, and prescribing practices and gave better home care instructions to carers. Clients in intervention sites were more informed and more satisfied, and their children had better immunization coverage than those in control sites. CONCLUSION: COPE is a simple process, yet our study confirms that it can have a very dramatic effect on the quality of services. This study demonstrated how all areas of quality can be addressed by empowering health care providers to take action by using COPE. We suggest that COPE can complement Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) training and can help to achieve better health for children.     

Impacts of Informal Caregiver Availability on Long-term Care Expenditures in OECD Countries

Objective. To quantify the effects of informal caregiver availability and public funding on formal long-term care (LTC) expenditures in developed countries.
Data Source/Study Setting. Secondary data were acquired for 15 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1970 to 2000.
Study Design. Secondary data analysis, applying fixed- and random-effects models to time-series cross-sectional data. Outcome variables are inpatient or home heath LTC expenditures. Key explanatory variables are measures of the availability of informal caregivers, generosity in public funding for formal LTC, and the proportion of the elderly population in the total population.
Data Collection/Extraction Method. Aggregated macro data were obtained from OECD Health Data, United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, and U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base.
Principal Findings. Most of the 15 OECD countries experienced growth in LTC expenditures over the study period. The availability of a spouse caregiver, measured by male-to-female ratio among the elderly, is associated with a $28,840 (1995 U.S. dollars) annual reduction in formal LTC expenditure per additional elderly male. Availability of an adult child caregiver, measured by female labor force participation and full-time/part-time status shift, is associated with a reduction of $310 to $3,830 in LTC expenditures. These impacts on LTC expenditure vary across countries and across time within a country.
Conclusions. The availability of an informal caregiver, particularly a spouse caregiver, is among the most important factors explaining variation in LTC expenditure growth. Long-term care policies should take into account behavioral responses: decreased public funding in LTC may lead working women to leave the labor force to provide more informal care.     

马鞍山、苏州两所医院5a以下急性腹泻患儿A组轮状病毒感染特征

目的 研究马鞍山和苏州两所医院5a以下急性腹泻患儿轮状病毒感染情况。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验对两市5a以下儿童的急性腹泻粪便标本1267份进行轮状病毒病原检测。结果 1267份标本中轮状病毒阳性378例，阳性率为29．83％。发病年龄主要在3a以下，流行季节高峰为11月份至次年1月份。结论 轮状病毒感染是两市5a以下儿童急性腹泻的主要致病原因之一。     

西部农村村级卫生服务与保健促进措施的评价

目的 对卫生部一联合国儿童基金会在西部5省40个贫困县开展的“综合试点项目”中．所实施村卫生服务和妇幼保健促进短期效果进行综合评价和对比分析，为寻找西部贫困地区农村卫生和妇幼保健促进的措施和有效途径提供依据。方法 选择项目中27个指标，并分为卫生管理、医疗条件、妇女保健、儿童保健4个方面，运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法、线性加权法，综合评价了“综合试点项目”促进措施的作用。结果2000年5省的村级卫生服务与妇幼保健的综合评价值高于1999年，其差异有显著性意义。村级医疗条件、妇女保健和儿童保健的水平有了明显改善。结论 在西部5省开展的“综合试点项目”促进措施有效，促进作用显著。其经验可为我国政府制定促进西部、乃至全国贫困地区农村卫生事业改革的政策提供依据。     

儿童白血病合并暴发型水痘带状疱疹病毒感染临床分析

目的探讨白血病患儿合并水痘带状疱疹病毒感染的临床特点及防治措施.方法回顾性分析1995年1月～2003年2月某院收治的6例合并水痘带状疱疹病毒感染的白血病患儿病历情况.结果 6例患儿均有发热及典型皮损,其中4例为持续高热(39～40.4℃)达1周,皮疹均为全身性分布.6例患儿均治愈,无水痘并发症发生.结论白血病患儿合并水痘带状疱疹病毒感染多呈暴发性感染,临床症状较重,容易出现并发症,应采取积极有效的防治措施.大剂量静脉用免疫球蛋白联合抗病毒药物等综合治疗效果较好.     

儿童医院下呼吸道感染经济损失的病例对照研究

目的　了解儿科住院患儿发生医院下呼吸道感染所造成的直接经济损失。方法　采用 1∶1病例对照研究的方法 ,调查 1 0 1对住院患儿的医疗费用 ,计算医院感染的直接经济损失。结果　病例组的平均医疗费用为3430 .5 3元 ,对照组为 2 1 34.0 5元 ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。中西药费占总增加费用的 4 3.0 3% ;治疗费、化验费和床位费分别占总增加费用的 2 8.1 7% ,9.31 % ,5 .79%。心血管内科医院感染病例医疗费用最高 ,平均每例增加 4 2 36 .93元 ;新生儿内科次之 ,平均每例增加 1 736 .93元。感染患者的平均住院天数为 1 3.0 9d ,比对照组的 8.1 6d高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　医院感染的发生增加了患儿的医疗费用 ,延长了住院日 ,降低了病床周转率 ;认真做好医院感染监控工作可获得经济效益和社会效益     

苏州市4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童行为问题与家庭环境关系的研究

目的了解苏州市4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童行为问题发生率与家庭环境关系。方法采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表、自制家庭环境问卷对244名4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童和282名4—5岁常驻儿童的行为及家庭环境进行调查，对结果进行多元回归分析。结果流动人口家庭儿童行为问题发生率明显高于常驻儿童。影响流动人口家庭儿童行为问题的因素有父母职业、婚姻状况、母亲的生育年龄、是否为亲生母亲和独生子女、家庭经济收入、家庭结构、儿童健康状况、主要抚养人以及学历等。这些影响存在明显的性别差异。结论提示要加强流动人口家庭儿童的心理卫生宣传教育和管理，可通过改善家庭环境因素，帮助儿童建立良好的行为，减少行为问题的发生。     

儿童肾移植9例

目的探讨儿童肾移植的指征、手术特点,以提高手术成功率。方法1993年1月~2004年5月完成12~17岁9例儿童肾移植,原发病7例为慢性肾小球肾炎、1例为药物性(丁胺卡那霉素)肾脏损害、1例为Alport综合征。供肾获取均采用腹部多器官联合切取技术,供肾热缺血时间3~8 min,平均4.5 min,冷缺血时间5~14 h,平均8.5 h,以保证供肾质量;除1例患者经腹部供肾动脉与受者髂总动脉行端-侧吻合外,其余患者均与成人肾移植手术方式相同;围手术期甲基泼尼松(MP)用量为2 g,采用三联用药方案:环孢素A(CsA)或普乐可复(FK506)加硫唑嘌呤(AzA)或霉酚酸酯(MMF)加泼尼松(Pred)。结果所有患者肾功能均在3~12 d恢复正常(血肌酐为77~131μmol.L-1);除第1例患者肾移植术后出现供体输尿管末端缺血坏死、经再次手术后痊愈,余无其他外科并发症;2例次出现急性排斥反应,经应用MP0.5 g.d-1,3 d后逆转;Alport综合征患者1年2个月后出现蛋白尿,经治疗无明显好转,但血肌酐维持在116~172μmol.L-1之间;所有移植肾存活至少1年以上,最长存活12年。结论良好的组织配型和供体质量、恰当的手术方式及个体化的免疫抑制方案,以及术后严密监测是提高儿童肾移植手术成功率的关键。