大剂量肾上腺素在心脏骤停抢救中的应用体会

目的探讨大剂量肾上腺素在心肺复苏中的应用情况。方法对2002年以来11例应用大剂量肾上腺素进行心肺复苏的病例做回顾性研究。结果在应用大剂量肾上腺素后心肺复苏成功率明显提高达73%。结论目前推荐的肾上腺素剂量(1mg)可能太小,不能使骤停的心脏都复跳,建议使用大剂量肾上腺素。     

双腔右心室(附四例报告)

本文对我院1983～1985年经手术证实的4例双腔右心室病例,进行了分析讨论。本病除右心导管检查发现肺动脉与右心室有压力阶差移行曲线、右心造影时心腔内显示充盈缺损、超声心动图等检查有助于诊断外,X线心脏平片、心电图、临床症状、体征均无特异性的诊断价值。认为,由于本病多合并室缺,因此对室缺修补时,应常规探查右心室腔,以免漏诊。另外,对本病与法乐氏四联症的鉴别作了较详细的讨论。     

我国普及初级心肺复苏术（C PR）的倡议

初级心肺复苏术是针对呼吸心跳骤停的病人所采取的一种紧急抢救措施,不言而喻其关乎我们每个公民的生命.本文先给出心肺复苏术的概念,紧接着从各个方面剖析论述我国心肺复苏术的现状并给出对比资料和调研数据进一步为我们敲响了警钟,然后引出普及心肺复苏术这个主题并强调其必要性和可行性,同时唤醒了人们沉睡的意识,最后详细具体的给出各种改变我们落后现状实现普及心肺复苏术这个目标的措施.     

非控制性出血休克大鼠早期低压液体复苏的理想复苏压力研究

目的利用大鼠非控制性出血休克模型,探讨早期低压复苏的理想复苏压力。方法W istar大鼠64只,基础平均动脉血压(MAP)为(129.9±14.3)mmHg,断脾法复制非控制性出血休克模型,将血压(MAP)降至40或50mmHg,分为3个处理时段,第1时段模拟院前救治时段,用2∶1乳酸林格氏液和6%的右旋糖酐输注分别将MAP维持在40、50、60、70、80、100mmHg,维持1小时;第2时段模拟医院确定性处理情况,结扎脾动脉止血,输血输液将MAP恢复至100mmHg,维持2小时;第3时段,观察第1时段不同压力复苏对大鼠休克复苏效果的影响。观察指标包括动物存活情况、血压、液体输注量、血细胞比容及动脉血气等。结果院前急救采用高压复苏(80、100mmHg),动物存活时间短,在第1时段末就有50%的动物死亡,需要的液体输注量大,血液稀释严重,代谢性酸中毒明显,血气指标差;而以<70mmHg(50、60、70mmHg)的血压复苏,动物存活时间延长,液体输注量小,血液稀释轻,血气指标正常或接近正常;以50、60mmHg血压输注效果最好,但太低的输注压力(40mmHg)也不利于休克复苏,在第三时段末动物死亡率为75%。结论对非控制性出血休克及活动性出血,止血前采用高压复苏会增加血液丢失及血液稀释,明显影响休克复苏效果,适当低压复苏有利于动物的后期恢复,输注压力以50、60mmHg最好,但太低的输注压力(40mmHg)也不利于休克复苏。     

BENEFICENCE,TEMPERANCE AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

John Coakley Lettsom (1744–1815) founded the Medical Society of London and played a key role in the development of the Royal Humane Society. His Quaker background underpinned his interest in social reform. He established dispensaries and soup kitchens for the poor, recognized the need for public health measures in the control of disease, and advocated prison reform and education of the poor.     

Comparison of Tympanic, Esophageal and Blood Temperatures during Mild Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Study using an Infrared Emission Detection Tympanic Thermometer

Objective. Tympanic temperature can be obtained instantaneously using an infrared emission detection (IRED) thermometer. Its accuracy has been documented in a variety of clinical settings, but its performance at low body temperatures is still unknown. In this study we evaluated its performance during coronary artery revascularization surgery in which mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was used. Methods. Thirty adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were enrolled in the study. Tympanic temperature obtained using IRED thermometry (Tt1) was compared with core temperatures from the esophagus (Te), and venous blood of CPB (Tv) before, during, and after CPB. We also measured tympanic temperature using a thermocouple probe (Tt2) in 16 of the 30 patients in order to study the agreement between the two methods. Values for correlation coefficients and limits of agreement were computed to assess the degree of agreement among the temperatures obtained. Results. The highest agreement with Tv during CPB was obtained from Tt1 (r = 0.94, 0.41 ± 1.73, limits of agreement) and from Te (0.91, 0.36 ± 2.46). Tt1 also showed good agreement with Tt2 during surgery. Conclusions. Infrared tympanic thermometry is a reliable, alternative method to measure tympanic temperature and may be useful to assess core temperature in both normothermic and mild hypothermic conditions.     

A Clinical Study for the Durability of Oxygenators on Cardiopulmonary Support

Abstract: Cardiopulmonary support (CPS) requires durability of the oxygenator. The life span of the oxygenator is affected by various clinical factors, including patient condition, perfusion condition, and equipment usage. Predictors for the durability of oxygenators were evaluated clinically in this study. Thirty-two patients, who had undergone CPS during the last 3 years in our institute were assigned to this study. Fifty oxygenators had been used (Capiox SX in 19, CB Maxima in 23, and AL-6000 in 8). Significant predictors for the durability of oxygenators were evaluated by nonparametric survival analysis and proportional hazards regression analysis. Univariate regression analysis revealed 6 significant predictors for the life span of oxygenators. These were the oxygenator type, type of centrifugal pump, acidosis with blood pH less than 7.35, base excess less than -5, blood glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels greater than 1,000 IU, and blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels greater than 3,000 IU. After multivariate analysis, there remained only 2 significant predictors. An oxygenator used with a noncoated CPS system (Capiox SX with Capiox EBS) proved to have a significantly shorter life span than one used with a heparin-coated system (CB Maxima or AL-6000 with CB BP-80) (hazards ratio, 3.588, p = 0.0065). Patient conditions, which revealed acidosis with less than -5 of base excess, significantly shortened the life of the oxygenator (hazards ratio, 3.595, p = 0.0188).     

The Evolution of Abdominal Compression in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Objective: To review the history of external abdominal compression as an adjunct to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), tracking the development of five major themes over the course of the 20th century: 1) augmentation of peripheral resistance by physical means, 2) risk of hepatic injury with abdominal compression, 3) counterpulsation vs sustained compression, 4) the abdominal pump mechanism, and 5) contact compression techniques.
Methods: Literature retrieved from successive MEDLINE English-language searches was reviewed with a special emphasis on work and concepts highlighted by participants at the First Purdue Conference on Interposed Abdominal Compression-CPR, September 1992.
Results: External abdominal compression of one form or another has been studied as a means of resuscitation by many investigators throughout the 20th century. Experimental and clinical studies have shown generally consistent evidence of hemodynamic augmentation by abdominal compression during various forms of CPR. Recent advances include a modified theoretical understanding of hemodynamic mechanisms and demonstration of clinical potential in humans. Inconsistencies in published results may be due to differences in mechanical techniques of abdominal compression. Based on these studies, a modified manual technique for "contact compression" of the abdominal aorta is recommended.
Conclusions: A technique for left-of-center, angled compression of the abdominal aorta against the crest of the spine is recommended. Further well-supervised and controlled clinical trials using this standardized technique are warranted as a prelude to more widespread clinical application of abdominal compression in CPR.     

Abdominal Pumping

This article reviews the author's experience with a form of interposed abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IAC-CPR) in the United Kingdom. The development of the technique based upon animal resuscitation, including the use of phasic compression (abdominal pumping) for the resuscitation of rats from 30 minutes of cardiac arrest due to hypothermia, is reviewed. A simple technique for clinical use is described. The technique uses a hard-covered book or bean-shaped board applied to the abdomen below the umbilicus and compressed alternately with cardiac massage while respiration is assisted. Anecdotal clinical results suggest that further controlled clinical investigation is warranted.     

大鼠体外循环模型的建立与应用

由于操作简便、节省人力物力，大鼠体外循环模型的应用愈加广泛。大鼠在小型呼吸机辅助下，应用颈静脉插管入右心房引流血液至贮血瓶，在蠕动移液泵作用下，经膜式氧合器氧合、变温器变温，通过股动脉或尾动脉插管注入动脉系统，建立体外循环回路。有血预充、减少总预充量和维持足够的转流流量是建立大鼠体外循环模型的关键。