Interleukin-1β effects on cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in cultured rat islets of Langerhans — arginine — dependence and relationship to insulin secretion

Summary When islets were cultured with interleukin-1 (1 or 100 pmol/l) for 12 h in arginine-containing medium, cyclic GMP levels were increased 1.6- and 4.5-fold respectively. The arginine analogue, N--nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, which blocks nitric oxide formation and partially reverses inhibition of insulin secretion by 100 pmol/l interleukin-1, largely, but not completely, blocked generation of cyclic GMP. Treatment of islets with 100 pmol/l interleukin-1 for 12 h significantly decreased islet cyclic AMP generation in the absence of isobutylmethylxanthine (from 13.1±0.7 to 9.3±0.8 fmol/g islet protein), this fall was arginine-dependent and may have resulted from an effect on a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, since it was masked if isobutylmethylxanthine was present. Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.4 mmol/l) reduced the inhibitory potency of interleukin-1 in 15 h slightly but significantly from 80.5 to 59.0%. The morpholinosydnonimine SIN-1, which is a nitric oxide donor, inhibited insulin secretion, raised islet cyclic GMP and lowered cyclic AMP; its effects were similar to those of interleukin-1. However, 6-anilinoquinoline-5,8-quinone, [LY83583 (1–10 mol/l)], inhibited insulin secretion, and significantly decreased cyclic GMP while 8-bromocyclic GMP stimulated insulin secretion. Both low- and high-dose interleukin-1 treatment give a large arginine-dependent and a small, yet significant, arginine-independent increase in cyclic GMP. The inhibitory effect of SIN-1 or interleukin-1 on insulin secretion seems to depend to a small extent on decreased islet cyclic AMP, though sustained increases in nitric oxide or depleted islet GTP may directly affect the secretory process.     

Cell Type-specific Effects of the Neural Adhesion Molecules L1 and N-CAM on Diverse Second Messenger Systems

We have previously shown that the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM influence second messenger systems when triggered with specific antibodies at the surface of the phaeochromocytoma PC12 cell line (Schuch et al., Neuron, 3, 13 - 20, 1989). To determine whether the two molecules are linked to the same intracellular signalling cascades, independent of the cell type expressing them, or whether different neural cell types respond with different signal transduction mechanisms, we have investigated the effects of antibodies to L1 and N-CAM, and the isolated molecules themselves, on second messenger systems in different neural cell types. We have investigated cultures of cerebellar and dorsal root ganglion neurons and transformed Schwann cells and related these results to those obtained with the PC12 cell line. Here we show that addition of L1 and N-CAM antibodies and the isolated molecules themselves elicit cell type-specific responses that can be modulated by the substrate on which the cells are maintained. Depending on the cell type, cells respond to the triggering of L1 and N-CAM with antibodies, or addition of the purified molecules, by either up-regulation or down-regulation of inositol phosphate turnover, by a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels dependent on or independent of the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or by an increase or decrease in intracellular pH. Moreover, cerebellar neurons expressing N-CAM respond to addition N-CAM, but not to N-CAM antibodies, in contrast to the other neural cell types studied, which respond to both triggers. Furthermore, cerebellar neurons were the only cells to show a rise in cAMP levels in response to any of the ligands tested. This stimulation of cAMP production by L1 antibodies depended on the cross-linking of L1 molecules at the cell surface, whereas the other responses did not depend on clustering of L1. Simultaneous addition of L1 and N-CAM antibodies either elicited an additive or more than additive effect on the intracellular responses which, for cerebellar neurons, depends on the substrate on which the cells are maintained. These observations indicate that L1 and N-CAM or their antibodies activate cell type-specific intracellular signalling systems and that the two molecules can act interdependently or independently of each other.     

Rotational behaviour and cGMP responses following manipulation of nigral mechanisms with chlordiazepoxide

Summary Unilateral stereotaxic injections of 1 g of the soluble benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride into the predominantly GABA-containing zona reticulata of the substantia nigra of amphetamine-pretreated rats induced rotational behaviour similar to that seen following unilateral elevation of nigral GABA levels and amphetamine treatment; this effect was not seen following injections into the vicinity of the predominantly dopamine-containing zona compacta. Chlordiazepoxide-induced rotations were abolished by the GABA-antagonist picrotoxin. Both chlordiazepoxide and GABA depressed production of cyclic 3,5-guanosine monophosphate in samples of nigral tissue in vitro as estimated by radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that chlordiazepoxide may enhance GABA transmission within the substantia nigra, by some as yet unidentified mechanism, to create asymmetric activity in GABA-modulated neurones and hence induce rotation.     

Lack of correlation between changes in cyclic nucleotides and subsequent induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat adrenal medulla

Summary Pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone (2.5 mol/kg, a dose which blocks the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland) abolished the reserpine-mediated increase in cAMP and the increase in the cAMP/cGMP ratio in the adrenal medulla. In contrast, the reserpine-mediated induction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) remained unchanged. Hypophysectomy had a similar effect to dexamethasone treatment. Since changes in cAMP and changes in the cAMP/cGMP ratio are not indispensible prerequisites for the subsequent induction of TH, a causal relationship between the two phenomena seems to be excluded.     

Effect of desmethyldiazepam and chlordesmethyldiazepam on 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in rat cerebellum

Three different benzodiazepines (diazepam, its pharmacologically active metabolite desmethyldiazepam, and the derivative chlordesmethyldiazepam) have been compared in our study for their effects on 3,5-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cerebellar levels. Desmethyldiazepam and chlordesmethyldiazepam are several-fold more potent that diazepam in decreasing rat cyclic cGMP cerebellar concentrations. None of the three drugs induces detectable changes of cerebellar cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).On the other hand, the three compounds did not modify the levels of cGMP in cerebellum of newborn rats, where Purjinje cell and dendrites lack synaptic contacts. However, injection of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the newborn is still able, as in the adult, to decrease cGMP concentration in cerebellum. Our data support the hypothesis that cGMP cerebellar concentrations may be a reliable biochemical marker of the clinical activity of benzodiazepines.     

新的磷酸二酯酶及其功能

磷酸二酯酶(PDEs)基因家族已扩大到11个。新的PDE酶包括PDE7B，PDE8，PDE9A，PDEl0A，PDEllA。新发现的PDEs在调节阴茎勃起功能、胰岛素分泌、T细胞活化和感染、生长和发育中起重要作用。     

血管钠肽降低低氧大鼠心脏内皮素-1水平

目的　观察低氧对大鼠心脏内皮素 1(ET 1)水平的调节作用 ,以及血管钠肽 (VNP)对这一过程的影响。方法　将大鼠随机分为 4组 :对照组、低氧组、VNP(75 μg·kg-1)组和低氧 +VNP(2 5～ 75 μg·kg-1)组 ,采用放射免疫的方法测定大鼠心脏cGMP和ET 1水平 ,并以原位杂交的方法分析ET 1的mRNA水平。结果　低氧使大鼠心脏ET 1及其mRNA的水平升高 (P <0 0 5 ,vs对照组 ) ;VNP(5 0、75 μg·kg-1)使低氧大鼠心脏ET 1及其mRNA的水平降低 (P <0 0 5 ,vs低氧组 )。对照组和低氧组的心脏cGMP水平没有差异 ,而VNP组和低氧 +VNP(5 0、75 μg·kg-1)组的心脏cGMP水平高于对照组和低氧组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　低氧可以使大鼠心脏ET 1及其mRNA的水平增加 ,而VNP可以抑制这一过程     

Effects of nitric oxide donors on the afferent resting activity in the cephalopod statocyst

The effects of bath applications of the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylamine sodium (DEA), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) on the resting activity (RA) of afferent crista fibers were studied in isolated statocysts of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. The NO donors had three different effects: inhibition, excitation, and excitation followed by an inhibition. The SNAP analog N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (xSNAP; with no NO moiety) had no effect. When the preparation was pre-treated with the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitric-L-arginine methyl ester HCl (L-NAME), the NO donors were still effective. When the preparation was pre-treated with the guanylate cyclase inhibitors methylene blue (M-BLU) or cystamine (CYS), NO donors had only excitatory effects, whereas their effects were inhibitory only when pre-treatment was with the adenylate cyclase inhibitors nicotinic acid (NIC-A), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), or MDL-12330A. When pre-treatment was with a guanylate and an adenylate cyclase inhibitor combined, NO donors had no effect; in that situation, the RA of the afferent fibers remained and the preparation still responded to bath applications of GABA. Selective experiments with statocysts from the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopod Octopus vulgaris gave comparable results. These data indicate that in cephalopod statocysts an inhibitory NO-cGMP and an excitatory NO-cAMP signal transduction pathway exist, that these two pathways are the key pathways for the action of NO, and that they have only modulatory effects on, and are not essential for the generation of, the RA.     

褪黑素对吗啡戒断大鼠脑内cAMP和cGMP含量的影响

目的 :观察褪黑素 (MT)对吗啡戒断大鼠不同脑区cAMP和cGMP含量的影响。方法 :以剂量递增法连续皮下注射吗啡建立吗啡依赖模型 ,采用放射免疫学方法测定脑内cAMP和cGMP的含量。结果 :(1)MT对大鼠吗啡戒断症状具有明显的抑制作用 ;(2 )与对照组比较 ,吗啡依赖大鼠的纹状体、间脑、中脑、脑桥和海马内cAMP含量显著增高 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,cGMP含量显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。与吗啡依赖组比较 ,催促戒断大鼠海马和纹状体内cAMP的含量显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而cGMP含量显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,其他部位则无明显变化 ;(3)褪黑素急性治疗可使吗啡戒断大鼠纹状体、间脑、中脑、脑桥和海马内cAMP含量明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,cGMP含量明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。结论 :MT可显著抑制大鼠吗啡戒断反应 ,并与调节中枢cAMP和cGMP含量有关。     

喜树碱多相脂质体对肿瘤细胞动力学及分子药理学研究

喜树碱多相脂质体对肝癌细胞具有抑制增殖的效应,明显损伤S期细胞,对于G_0期细胞亦有轻度损伤,G_2期细胞进入M期也受到一定抑制。10mg/kg静注后肝癌组织中cAMP水平明显增加,而肝癌组织中DNA和蛋白质含量显著下降,cAMP与cGMP比值大幅度提高。喜树碱多相脂质体对肝癌细胞DNA合成的最高抑制率为73.7%,后作用约4小时,对癌细胞RNA合成的抑制率达82.9%。