Basics of Coronary Thermodilution

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is a highly prevalent condition in both obstructive and nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Intracoronary thermodilution is a promising technique to investigate coronary microvascular (dys)function in vivo and to assess its most important metric: microvascular resistance. Here, the authors provide a practical review of bolus and continuous thermodilution for the measurement of coronary flow and microvascular resistance. The authors describe the basic principles of indicator-dilution theory and of coronary thermodilution and detail the practicalities of their application in the catheterization laboratory. Finally, the authors discuss contemporary clinical applications of coronary thermodilution–based microvascular assessment in humans and future perspectives.     

Carbohydrate counting with an automated bolus calculator helps to improve glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injection therapy: An 18-month observational study

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the effect of carbohydrate counting (carbC), with or without an automated bolus calculator (ABC), in children with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections.

Methods

We evaluated 85 children, aged 9–16 years, with type 1 diabetes, divided into four groups: controls (n = 23), experienced carbC (n = 19), experienced carbC + ABC (n = 18) and non-experienced carbC + ABC (n = 25). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin use, and glycaemic variability – evaluated as high blood glucose index (HBGI) and low blood glucose index (LBGI) – were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 18 months.

Results

At baseline, age, disease duration, BMI, HbA1c, insulin use, and HBGI (but not LBGI; p = 0.020) were similar for all groups. After 6 months, HbA1c improved from baseline, although not significantly – patients using ABC (according to manufacturer's recommendations) HbA1c 7.14 ± 0.41% at 6 months vs. 7.35 ± 0.53% at baseline, (p = 0.136) or without carbC experience HbA1c 7.61 ± 0.62% vs. 7.95 ± 0.99% (p = 0.063). Patients using ABC had a better HBGI (p = 0.001) and a slightly worse LBGI (p = 0.010) than those not using ABC. ABC settings were then personalised. At 18 months, further improvements in HbA1c were seen in children using the ABC, especially in the non-experienced carbC group (−0.42% from baseline; p = 0.018).

Conclusions

CarbC helped to improve glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections. ABC use led to greater improvements in HbA1c, HBGI and LBGI compared with patients using only carbC, regardless of experience with carbC.     

Bolus arrival time and cerebral blood flow responses to hypercarbia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how cerebral blood flow and bolus arrival time (BAT) measures derived from arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI data change for different hypercarbic gas stimuli. Pseudocontinuous ASL (pCASL) was applied (3.0T; spatial resolution=4 × 4 × 7 mm³; repetition time/echo time (TR/TE)=3,600/11 ms) sequentially in healthy volunteers (n=12; age=30±4 years) for separate experiments in which (i) normocarbic normoxia (i.e., room air), hypercarbic normoxia (i.e., 5% CO₂/21% O₂/74% N₂), and hypercarbic hyperoxia (i.e., carbogen: 5% CO₂/95% O₂) gas was administered (12 L/minute). Cerebral blood flow and BAT changes were quantified using models that account for macrovascular signal and partial volume effects in all gray matter and regionally in cerebellar, temporal, occipital, frontal, and parietal lobes. Regional reductions in BAT of 4.6% to 7.7% and 3.3% to 6.6% were found in response to hypercarbic normoxia and hypercarbic hyperoxia, respectively. Cerebral blood flow increased by 8.2% to 27.8% and 3.5% to 19.8% for hypercarbic normoxia and hypercarbic hyperoxia, respectively. These findings indicate that changes in BAT values may bias functional ASL data and thus should be considered when choosing appropriate experimental parameters in calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging or ASL cerebrovascular reactivity experiments that use hypercarbic gas stimuli.     

不同脉冲间隔时间程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入模式对分娩镇痛效果的影响

目的 比较不同脉冲间隔时间下程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入(PIEB)模式和持续恒速输注(CEI)模式用于分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法 选择单胎妊娠、头位、足月初产妇95例,年龄20～40岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,孕期37～41周,随机分为三组：传统CEI模式组(C组,n=31)、PIEB模式间隔时间60 min组(P60组,n=32)和PIEB模式间隔时间40 min组(P40组,n=32)。在宫口扩张至1～4 cm时,采用硬膜外阻滞行分娩镇痛,注射负荷量后15 min为产妇镇痛开始时间。C组于镇痛开始后立即开启CEI模式,持续以10 ml/h恒速输注。P60组于镇痛开始后60 min开启PIEB模式,单次脉冲10 ml,脉冲间隔时间60 min。P40组于镇痛开始后40 min开启PIEB模式,单次脉冲10 ml,脉冲间隔时间40 min。镇痛泵配方为0.075%罗哌卡因+0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼100 ml,单次按压量5 ml,锁定时间15 min。记录镇痛前(t₀)、镇痛后1 h(t₁)、镇痛后2 h(t₂)、宫口开全(t     

不同制法下瘀血汤对CCl4诱导大鼠肝纤维化的影响

目的:探讨蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤与饮片酒煎下瘀血汤抗肝纤维化作用是否存在异同。方法:40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤组、饮片酒煎下瘀血汤组、扶正化瘀方组。以50%CCl_4皮下注射9周制备肝纤维化模型。第7周首日开始,正常组与模型组给予0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃,其余3组分别给予蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤(0.58 g·kg~(-1)),饮片酒煎下瘀血汤(0.43 g·kg~(-1)),扶正化瘀方(2 g·kg~(-1))灌胃,第9周结束后收集肝组织和血清样本。分别采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察各组大鼠肝组织病理学,天狼猩红染色观察纤维化程度,碱水解法测定肝组织羟脯氨酸含量情况,全自动分析法检测大鼠血清肝功能,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和Ⅰ型胶原(COL-I)mRNA的表达情况,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)和免疫组化测定肝组织α-SMA蛋白的表达,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定炎症因子与氧化指标。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肝肝纤维化程度较严重,肝组织天狼猩红阳性染色面积比、羟脯氨酸含量,α-SMA和COL-I蛋白及mRNA表达显著增加(P0.01),大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),总胆红素(TBil),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),白细胞介素(IL)-1β,IL-17A及丙二醛(MDA)的水平显著增加(P0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的水平显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比较,蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤与饮片酒煎下瘀血汤可明显减轻肝纤维化程度,肝组织天狼猩红阳性染色面积比、羟脯氨酸含量,α-SMA和COL-I蛋白及mRNA表达,大鼠血清AST,ALT,TBil,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-17A,MDA的水平明显降低(P0.05,P0.01),SOD及GSH-Px水平明显增加(P0.05,P0.01)。其中蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤组肝组织病理变化的改善显著优于饮片酒煎下瘀血汤,且肝组织在天狼猩红阳性染色面积比、羟脯氨酸含量、肝组织COL-I mRNA以及α-SMA mRNA和蛋白的表达降低也较饮片酒煎下瘀血汤明显(P0.05,P0.01)。血清肝功能、炎症因子及氧化相关指标2种制法下瘀血汤组间差异无统计学意义,但蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤改善趋势更为明显。结论:蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤与饮片酒煎下瘀血汤均具有较好的抗肝纤维化作用,其中以蜜丸酒煎下瘀血汤作用更为显著,提示制蜜丸一定程度上能够增加下瘀血汤抗肝纤维化作用。     

硬膜外间歇脉冲注射镇痛模式中罗哌卡因 分娩镇痛效果及最适宜浓度研究

目的 探讨硬膜外间歇脉冲注射（intermittent epidural bolus,IEB）镇痛模式中罗哌卡因的分娩镇痛效果及最适宜浓度。方法 选择2021年1月至2022年1月龙港市人民医院收治的接受IEB镇痛的健康初产妇120例,按罗哌卡因使用浓度分为低浓度组（0.075%罗哌卡因）、中浓度组（0.1%罗哌卡因）、高浓度组（0.125%罗哌卡因）,每组各40例。记录3组产妇在镇痛前、镇痛后1～7h、分娩时及分娩后1h的疼痛视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scales,VAS）评分。采用Bromage评分评估3组产妇椎管内麻醉运动神经阻滞效应。记录3组产妇的产程时间、罗哌卡因总量、舒芬太尼总量、缩宫素使用情况、总满意度及新生儿Apgar评分。结果 镇痛后随产程进展,3组产妇的VAS均逐渐升高,其中低浓度组VAS相对较高;3组中除镇痛后1h外的其他时间点VAS,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;分娩时,3组VAS均达到最高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。镇痛后1～7h,中浓度、高浓度组中Bromage评分1分的产妇占比均高于低浓度组,高浓度组中Bromage评分0分的产妇占比低于低浓度组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;分娩时及分娩后1h,高浓度组Bromage评分1分的产妇占比高于低浓度组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3组产妇产程时间、罗哌卡因用量、舒芬太尼用量、使用缩宫素患者占比、总满意度、新生儿出生1min及5min的Apgar评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 采用0.1%罗哌卡因联合0.4μg/ml舒芬太尼的IEB镇痛模式可达到起效时间短、疼痛感觉阻滞完全、下肢运动神经阻滞少的目的,且不影响产程时间、宫缩以及新生儿Apgar评分,同时还减少了硬膜外用药的总量,提高了麻醉的安全性和产妇满意度。     

基于术前系统免疫炎症指数及控制营养状况评分对胰腺癌根治术后列线图预后预测模型的构建及评价

目的基于术前系统免疫炎症指数(SII)及控制营养状况(CONUT)评分探讨影响胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)根治术后预后的危险因素并建立预后预测模型。方法回顾性收集兰州大学第二医院2014年1月至2019年12月期间确诊为PDAC患者的临床病理资料。采用X-tile软件确定SII最佳截断值,使用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,采用Cox比例风险回归模型对PDAC根治术后预后影响因素进行多因素分析,使用R4.0.5软件绘制1、2、3年生存率的列线图预测模型,然后评价该预测模型的效能并建立网页计算器。结果共131例患者纳入本研究,中位生存时间18.6个月,术后1、2、3年累积总生存率分别为73.86%、36.44%、11.95%。术前SII最佳截断值为313.1,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示SII>313.1者较SII≤313.1者的预后更差(χ2=8.917,P=0.003)。Cox比例风险回归模型多因素分析结果显示,年龄>65岁、临床分期晚(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)、术前SII>313.1、CONUT评分>4分是PDAC根治术后影响预后(总生存时间)的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。包括年龄、临床分期、术前SII、CONUT评分及术后化疗构建的列线图预测模型内部验证一致性指数(C指数)为0.669,绘制的列线图校正曲线预测的生存情况与实际观察到的生存情况拟合良好,决策曲线分析显示列线图具有更广的临床净获益(阈值概率为0.05~0.95),网页计算器运行良好。结论年龄、临床分期、术前SII、CONUT评分是PDAC根治术后预后的独立影响因素。通过将年龄、临床分期、术前SII、CONUT评分及术后化疗纳入构建的列线图对PDAC根治术后预后预测更精确,建立的网页计算器更方便医生和患者使用。     

甲真菌病临床评分指数计算公式的推导和计算尺的研制

目的：建立甲真菌病临床评分指数（SCIO）的计算公式和计算尺。方法：根据甲真菌病的发展规律和系统抗真菌治疗甲真菌病的原理,按Sergeev评分规则,应用数学分析方法进行推导和设计计算尺。结果：SCIO计算尺由一直尺和其上的一游标组成。直尺上刻有两组带有刻度的直线,滑动直尺上的游标,即可通过游标上的垂直线读出所要求的SCIO值。结论：SCIO计算游标尺具有使用方便、便于携带的优点。