大剂量肾上腺素治疗急性心脏骤停的效果分析

目的分析大剂量肾上腺素在急性心脏骤停院前急救中的应用价值。方法将2018年1月-2019年10月院前急救处理的52例急性心脏骤停患者视为研究对象,根据其治疗方式划入常规组与大剂量组(n=26)。常规组使用常规剂量肾上腺素与阿托品治疗,大剂量组使用高剂量肾上腺素与阿托品联合治疗,比较患者的治疗效果。结果常规组患者的院前急救复苏成功率是57.69%,大剂量组患者的院前急救复苏成功率是84.62%,且常规组患者的自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率均低于大剂量组患者,差距比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。常规组患者治疗后发生8例并发症,大剂量组患者治疗后出现2例并发症(P<0.05)。结论大剂量肾上腺素在急性心脏骤停院前急救中的使用,可提升患者的复苏成功率,恢复患者的自主呼吸、循环能力,降低患者并发症发生率。     

Effects of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L., Loranthaceae) Extracts on Arterial Blood Pressure in Rats Treated with Atropine Sulfate and Hexocycline

Acute effects of different extracts of mistletoe stem (Viscum album) were investigated on values of arterial blood pressure in Wistar rats. Arterial blood pressure was registered by direct method in the left carotid artery and the investigated extracts (total ethanol, ether and ethyl acetate) of mistletoe stem were administered into the right jugular vein. The total ethanol extract exhibited the best effect even on the lowest applied concentration (3.33 × 10^?5 mg kg^?1) and significantly decreased the blood pressure after applied concentration 1.00 × 10^?3 mg kg^?1. On the contrary, the ether and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited notable activity only by higher administered doses. Atropine as a nonselective blocker of muscarinic receptors reduced the hypotensive effects of ethanol extract of mistletoe. Hexocycline, a selective blocker of muscarine receptors, significantly raised blood pressure and decreased the hypotensive effect of ethanol extract of mistletoe on arterial blood pressure in rats.     

The Effect of Atropine or Atropene Methylnitrate on Salt-induced Hypertension in the Inbred S/JR and R/JR Dahl Rat

The cholinergic antagonists atropine (ATR) and atropine methylnitrate (ATRMN) were chronically administered to inbred Dahl hypertension-sensitive (S/JR) and -resistant (R/JR) rats maintained on an 8.0% NaCl-containing diet. The effects on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and mortality were then examined during and after a four week period of treatment. Administration of ATR (7.2 mg/day) or ATRMN (2.4 mg/day) attenuated the development of salt-induced hypertension (HT) in the S/JR strain but had relatively little effect on BP in the R/JR strain. HR during the treatment period was significantly greater in S/JR and R/JR rats that received ATR or ATRMN than vehicle-treated controls. Each drug also reduced HT-related mortality in S/JR rats. In general, the effects of ATR on BP and mortality were greater than those of ATRMN. However, the results suggest that the central and peripheral cholinergic systems participate in the development of salt-induced HT in the S/JR rat     

Effect of selective and nonselective muscarinic blockade on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying in man

In this study we investigated the effect of selective (M₁) and non-selective (M₁ and M₂) pharmacologic blockade of muscarinic receptors on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying. After validating the method of study, the gallbladder function was evaluated in 15 normal volunteers by quantitative biliary scintigraphy, and the effect of intravenous atropine (0.15 mg/10 kg) and pirenzepine (10 mg) was analyzed in each subject. Atropine significantly reduced the ejection period and the ejection fraction of gallbladder evacuation. Pirenzepine reduced the ejection period, but the ejection fraction remained unchanged. We conclude that the effect of cholecystokinin on gallbladder motility is mediated through muscarinic receptors. Our results suggest that M₂ receptors, but not M₁ receptors, are involved in this response.     

盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液在儿童屈光状态检查中的应用

目的：探讨10 g/L盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液在小儿屈光状态检查中的应用。比较其与阿托品在散瞳验光中麻痹睫状肌的效果,用以指导临床工作。
　　方法：采用自身配对设计方法,对年龄3~12岁118例236眼(其中近视40例80眼,远视78例156眼,合并有散光73例146眼)先采用10 g/L盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液滴眼3次散瞳(每次间隔5min),末次点眼1h后进行检影验光。间隔3d后重新点10g/L阿托品眼膏1wk(每晚1次)重新进行散瞳检影验光。按屈光度分成近视组、远视组、散光组,其中散光度数是将柱镜度数独立分离出来统计。将两种散瞳药的验光结果进行比较。
　　结果：近视组使用两种方法散瞳验光后屈光度值分别为-2.25±1.31D,-2.23±1.32D,差异无统计学意义( P=0.109);远视组应用两种药物散瞳验光后屈光度分别为3.76±2.4D,4.39±2.6D,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);散光组应用两种药物散瞳验光后屈光度值分别为1.35±1.19D,1.38±2.00D,差异无统计学意义(P=0.374)。
　　结论：盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液可用于临床上3~12岁近视、散光儿童的散瞳验光。但在远视儿童初次就诊仍需点阿托品眼膏散瞳验光。     

Small doses of melatonin increase intestinal motility in rats

Since melatonin receptors are present in the intestines, the possibility that this hormone may affect intestinal motility has been studied in the rat. Sprague-Dawley male rats were given a carmine cochineal powder meal and were injected intraperitoneally with 1, 10, 100, or 1000 g/kg melatonin. Sixty minutes after treatment, intestinal transit was found to be faster in animals treated with small doses of melatonin (1 or 10 g/kg) than in saline-injected controls. This effect, however, appear to be clearly reversed with 100 or 1000 g/kg melatonin. In fact, these doses of the hormone reduced intestinal transit in rats. The nonselective melatonin receptor antagonist, luzindole (administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, 15 min prior to melatonin injection) totally prevented the accelerating effect of melatonin (10 g/kg) on intestinal transit. Luzindole per se failed to affect gut motility. Injection of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and cholinergic agent, neostigmine, accelerated intestinal transit but failed to influence melatonin effect on this parameter. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine delayed intestinal transit per se but did not reduce the stimulating effect of melatonin on this parameter. Intestinal myoelectrical recording revealed that intestinal myoelectrical activity was increased by intraperitoneal injection of melatonin (10 g/kg). Administration of luzindole totally prevented melatonin-induced increase of intestinal myoelectrical activity. These results indicate that melatonin may affect intestinal motility in rats when administered in small doses. This effect might be mediated by melatonin receptors in the intestines, although the involvement of central receptors for the hormone is also possible.     

Early insulin release following suckling in neonatal lambs and rabbits

Summary Developmental changes in the plasma insulin response to milk ingestion have been determined in neonatal lambs fed by bottle and in naturally suckled infant rabbits. In lambs at 4 days of age and older plasma insulin increased within 5 min of suckling and declined again before increasing to a second peak 60 to 120 min after the feed. The early insulin peak was not associated with any change in plasma glucose and was absent in lambs at 1 day of age. When the early insulin peak was absent the increase in plasma glucose following the meal was greater. The early, apparently reflex, release of insulin also occurred in some sham-fed lambs. Atropine administration before feeding abolished the early peak in insulin. A marked early peak of insulin release, not accompanied by any consistent change in plasma glucose, was also observed in naturally-suckled infant rabbits at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after birth.     

Ultrastructural Effects of Acute Organophosphate Poisoning on Rat Kidney

We investigated the ultrastructural effects of the organophosphate compound methamidophos and treatment with atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM) on rat kidneys. Male Wistar albino rats were assigned to four groups. Group 1 received 30 mg/kg methamidophos, the LD₅₀ for this compound in rats, via oral gavage. Group 2 received only physiologic saline. Group 3 rats received 30 mg/kg methamidophos and were treated with 2-PAM and atropine via intraperitoneal injection when cholinergic symptoms were noted. Group 4 served as a control, and received physiologic saline in equivalent volumes and routes to Group 3. Kidney tissues were prepared for electron microscopic studies. No ultrastructural changes were detected in Group 1 after acute poisoning with methamidophos and in Group 3 treated with antidotes after poisoning. Acute organophosphate poisoning and antidotal treatment in this model are not associated with histopathological changes in the rat kidney but the models with different organophosphate compounds, by administrating the different dosages, may be more illuminative in explaining the effects of these chemicals in kidney.