长托宁用于喉罩全麻术前用药的临床观察

目的研究选择性M受体拮抗剂长托宁用于喉罩全麻术前用药的临床效果。方法选取ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行择期腹腔镜下胆囊切除术患者90例，随机分为3组（每组30例）：对照组（A组），术前不应用任何抗胆能药；阿托品组（B组）和长托宁组（C组），麻醉诱导前30min肌肉注射阿托品或长托宁0．01mg／kg，麻醉诱导后置入标准型喉罩后接麻醉机行机械通气；分别记录气管插管后5min（T1）、气管插管后30min（T2）、气管拨管前（T3）气道内分泌物量以及心率变化。结果在T1、T2、T3三个时点，B组和C组患者的气道分泌物明显少于A组（P〈0．05）；B组在T1时间点的心率明显高于A组与C组（P〈0．05）。结论长托宁用于喉罩全麻术前用药临床效果较好。     

Non-muscarinic effects of atropine on calcium conductances in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons

Cultured neurons derived from mouse spinal cord were studied using intracellular recording techniques. Effects of muscarinic cholinergic antagonists (atropine) on voltage-dependent membrane events, which could not be related to muscarinic receptors are described. Atropine (in nanomolar to micromolar concentrations) blocks calcium conductances in a manner which is not blocked by carbachol (100 microM). A direct effect of atropine on membrane Ca2+ conductances is suggested.     

Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor releases somatostatin through a cholinergic,vagal pathway in freely fed rats

The aim of this study was to investigate whether corticotropin-releasing factor influences the plasma levels of somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin when administered intracerebroventricularly to rats, and if such an effect could be vagally mediated, and dependent on the animals feeding states. Anaesthetized, freely fed rats were given 5 μl intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin-releasing factor in four doses; 10 pmol-1.28 nmol. Immediately following death, trunk blood was collected for subsequent peptide analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The three higher doses of corticotropin-releasing factor elevated the plasma levels of somatostatin (P < 0.01) after 20 min but left the plasma levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin unchanged. Intraperitoneal injections of 60 and 320 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence the somatostatin levels. Further, intracerebroventricular injections of 60 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor produced a peak increase in somatostatin after 20 min (P < 0.01). After 60 min the somatostatin levels were still increased (P < 0.05). Gastrin and cholecystokinin remained unaltered at these timepoints. Intracerebroventricular administration of 10 nmol of a-helical corticotropin-releasing factor 9–41 attenuated the basal levels of somatostatin and blocked the corticotropin-releasing factor-induced rise in somatostatin. Bilateral truncal vagotomy, as well as pretreatment with atropine (0.05 mg kg^-1, subcutaneously) abolished the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on somatostatin. In animals which were food-deprived for 24 h, corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin. Pretreatment with cholecystokinin did not potentiate corticotropin-releasing factor-induced somatostatin release in food-deprived rats. These findings suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor acting within the central nervous system may regulate gastrointestinal functions partially through a cholinergic, vagally mediated release of somatostatin in freely fed, but not in food-deprived rats.     

Effects of luminal stimuli on polyamine metabolism in the small intestine of the rat: the role of enteric nerves

The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent polyamine metabolism in the small intestine of the rat is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Polyamine metabolism was followed by measuring the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and in some instances also the content of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine). ODC activity in the intestine was increased when intraluminal pressure was increased and 3 h after placing cholera toxin in the intestinal lumen. Cholera toxin also increased the tissue putrescine content. Atropine or hexamethonium given i.v. did not influence the evoked changes of ODC activity. The pressure induced changes were not decreased by placing lidocaine on the serosal surface. On the other hand, the ODC activity of control segments were decreased by hexamethonium or atropine. The presence of glucose in the intestinal perfusate did not augment tissue ODC activity, neither did the heat stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli (STa). It is concluded that the effect on polyamine metabolism evoked by luminal pressure or cholera toxin seems not to be mediated via nerves, while nerves seem to influence ODC activity during control conditions. The experiments with enterotoxins suggest that cAMP is the intracellular second messenger controlling intestinal ODC activity.     

Comparison between isoprenaline infusions and bolus injections to assess β-adrenoceptor function in man,with special reference to cardiac contractility and the influence of autonomic reflexes

The present study was performed to characterize cardiovascular responses to isoprenaline and the influence of autonomic reflexes on these reponses. Nine healthy volunteers received infusions and bolus injections of isoprenaline before and after ‘autonomic blockade’ produced by intravenous atropine 0.04 mg kg^-1 and clonidine 300 μg. Heart rate, blood pressures, systolic time intervals and various echocardiographic measures of cardiac contractility were registered. No significant differences in responsiveness to isoprenaline were seen when infusions were repeated on the same day without ‘autonomic blockade’. After ‘blockade’, Δ responses at 1 nmol 1^-1 isoprenaline (infusions) were increased for diastolic blood pressure and decreased for systolic blood pressure and stroke volume. Bolus injections of 2 μg isoprenaline caused enhanced Δ responses after ‘autonomic blockade’ of diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular diameter in systole, ventricular circumferential fibre shortening, mean posterior wall velocity (V_{mean pw}), stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, electromechanical systole (QS₂) and pre-ejection period. Systolic blood pressure decreased, in contrast to a small increase without ‘blockade’. These findings are explained by differences in haemodynamic effects of isoprenaline and by the dependence of responses on reflexes when isoprenaline is administered in different ways. When heart rate was increased by bolus doses of atropine, in the presence of β-blockade (propranolol), pre-ejection period and left ventricular diameter in systole were unaffected, and V_{mean pw} and ventricular circumferential fibre shortening showed only small increases (compared with alterations induced by isoprenaline). However, left ventricular ejection time, QS₂ and ejection time (by echocardiography), were markedly dependent on heart rate alterations. Thus, pre-ejection period, left ventricular diameter in systole V_{mean pw} and ventricular circumferential fibre shortening are parameters which can be useful in order to evaluate cardiac β-adrenoceptor sensitivity in vivo in man.     

Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dipyridamole echocardiography

Dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET) has gained acceptancedue to its safety, feasibility, diagnostic accuracy and prognosticpower. The main limitation of the test is a less than idealsensitivity in some patient subsets, such as those with limitedcoronary artery disease. Atropine with dipyridamole might theoreticallycombine to become a synergistic ischaemic stress test, by increasingmyocardial oxygen demand through chronotropic stress and byreducing flow supply through a shortening of the diastolic intervalunder maximal coronary vasodilation. The aim of this study wasto assess the effects of the addition of atropine to DET. Threehundred and twenty-one patients (age=58±9 years), referredfor testing in the echo lab, were initially studied by DET.Of these, 151 were stopped during or within the 2 min followingdipyridamole infusion because of achievement of a predeterminedend-point: obvious echocardiographic positivity (n = 137), severechest pain (n = 3), diagnostic ST segment changes (n = 7) orlimited side effects (n = 4). In another three cases, atropinewas not given due to a history of glaucoma or severe prostatichypertrophy. In the remaining 167 patients with a negative DETtest, atropine (0.25 mg intravenously, repeated every min upto a maximum of 1 mg, if necessary) was added, starting 3 minafter the end of the dipyridamole infusion. The dipyridamole-atropineecho test (DETA) was positive in 32 and negative in 135 patients,and no major side effects occurred in any patient. The peakheart rate was significantly higher during DETA than with DETalone (108±16 vs 86±14 beats . min^–1; P<0.0001).In the subset of 178 patients who were studied while not takingantianginal therapy, who had no prior myocardial infarctionor revascularization procedure and who underwent coronary catheterization,independently of the test results, coronary angiography showednormal coronary arteries in 48 patients and significant coronaryartery disease (CAD) ( 50% luminal reduction in at least onemajor coronary vessel by quantitative coronary arteriography)in 130 patients—with single-, double- and triple-vesseldisease in 56, 47 and 27 patients, respectively. The sensitivitywas 96/130 for DET and 110/130 for DETA (72 vs 85%, P<0.01)while the specflcity was 96% and 92% (P=ns), respectively. Theaddition of atropine to dipyridamole, which causes further chronotropicstress to the myocardium already challenged by flow maldistribution,is well tolerated and safe, and increases the sensitivity ofthe test for the detection of coronary artery disease with noloss in specificity.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对抗敌敌畏的毒性作用

 目的：研究盐酸戊乙奎醚（penequinine hydrochloride，PCHE）对敌敌畏（DDVP）诱发的呼吸循环抑制和脑电图（EEG）变化的影响。方法：同时测定麻醉大鼠的血压、心率、呼吸频率和呼吸通气量；记录清醒大鼠的EEG。结果：给麻醉大鼠iv DDVP 5mg·kg^－1，可使呼吸频率，呼吸通气量，血压及心率很快抑制。当iv不能通过血脑屏障的胆碱受体阻断剂甲基阿托品后，DDVP的呼吸循环抑制作用改善不明显；而应用PCHE1，2mg·kg^－1及阿托品2，4mg·kg^－1时能明显对抗DDVP引起的呼吸循环抑制。清醒大鼠DDVP中毒后EEG出现去同步化改变，少数出现癫痫波，PCHE可完全对抗DDVP诱发的EEG改变，阿托品仅部分对抗。结论：PCHE具有较强的中枢及外周抗DDVP中毒作用。     

远志增强大鼠子宫平滑肌峰电活动实验研究

目的:探讨远志对未孕大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动的影响及其机制.方法:用Biolap410生物机能仪进行记录,分别进行5种阻断剂使用前后,远志水煎醇沉液(以下简称远志)对子宫平滑肌电活动的影响.结果:远志可使未孕大鼠子宫平滑肌的电活动频率加快,持续时间延长,峰面积加大.酚妥拉明、苯海拉明、异博定、消炎痛等能全部或部分阻断其兴奋作用,但阿托品无明显影响.结论:远志对大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动增强作用主要通过H1受体、L型钙通道、α受体发挥作用,也与前列腺素的合成与释放有关,而与M受体无关.     

Effects of quercetin on the gastrointestinal tract in rats and mice

Intraperitoneal administration of quercetin (6.25–50 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.5-0.01) reduced intestinal transit in mice and this effect was antagonized by yohimbine and phentolamine but not by atropine or naloxone. Quercetin (12.5–50 mg/kg) reduced also (p<0.05-0.01) intraluminal accumulation of fluid and diarrhoea induced by castor oil and these effects were antagonized by yohimbine. Finally quercetin (12.5–50 mg/kg) reduced the area of gastric ulcer but not the number. It is suggested that α2-adrenergic receptors mediate the effect of quercetin on intestinal motility and secretion.     

硫酸阿托品眼用胶体溶液的制备及质量考察

OBJECTIVE To prepare atropine sulfate ophthalmic gel solution.METHODS The gel solution in which carbomer-940 was taken as a increase viscosity was prepared.The quality control methods for acidity and alkalinity,hygienic,determination etc were established.