Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: outcome in a 20-year cohort

The curative potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo HSCT) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL is established, with a demonstrated role for graft-versus-leukaemia and less certainty for other factors in determining outcome. The first two decades of CLL patients proceeding to allo HSCT at the Leukaemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia (n = 49 consecutive, 1991-2009) were studied to clarify factors predicting outcome. The donor was related in 29 (59%) and unrelated in 20 (41%). Conditioning was reduced-intensity in 27 (55%) and myeloablative in 22 (45%). Thirty-one of 49 patients survive with median follow-up of 5 years (0·2-15). Cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality; complete remission (CR); clearance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) abnormality and progression at 10 years was 36%; 69%; 55% and 22%. Overall survival (OS) was 63% at 2 years; 55% at 5 years and beyond. Factors predicting OS (P value by log rank <0·05) were: comorbidity index <3, FISH rank (Dohner) and 17p deletion, alemtuzumab pre-HSCT, achievement of CR post-HSCT, donor chimerism >90%, clearance of FISH abnormality post-HSCT and absence of high-grade (3-4) graft-versus-host disease. Results from this province-wide, two-decade cohort demonstrated that a substantial proportion of patients with high-risk CLL become long term disease-free survivors.     

Predominant or complete recipient T-cell chimerism following alemtuzumab-based allogeneic transplantation is reversed by donor lymphocytes and not associated with graft failure

The clinical significance of mixed chimerism following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains controversial. Its relevance and incidence are probably influenced by the conditioning regimen and incorporation of T‐cell depletion. The presence of recipient chimerism levels >40–50% following T‐cell replete reduced intensity transplantation correlates with a high risk of graft rejection, regardless of donor‐lymphocyte infusions, but it is unclear whether this finding translates to T‐cell depleted transplants. We conducted a retrospective single‐institution analysis of patients receiving alemtuzumab‐based HSCT. 27/152 (18%) evaluable cases had predominantly recipient T‐cell chimerism at 3 months or beyond. By contrast, coincident chimerism in the granulocyte lineage was predominantly of donor origin (median 100%) in all but one patient. Donor lymphocyte infusion effectively converted predominantly recipient T‐cell chimerism to ful donor chimerism in all evaluable cases including three cases with no detectable donor T cells. The only graft failure occurred in the patient with predominantly recipient myeloid chimerism in whom rejection occurred rapidly before donor lymphocytes could be administered. We conclude that predominant or complete recipient T‐cell chimerism following alemtuzumab‐based regimens does not have the same clinical implications as that following T‐cell replete transplants and can be effectively converted with donor lymphocytes without the need for lympho‐depleting agents or re‐conditioning.     

The novel combination of sirolimus and bortezomib prevents graft-versus-host disease but maintains the graft-versus-leukemia effect after allogeneic transplantation

Background We have previously shown that bortezomib induces a depletion of alloreactive T cells and allows the expansion of T cells with suppressive properties. In the current study, we analyzed the potential synergistic effect of bortezomib in conjunction with sirolimus in order to reduce-graft-versus-host disease without hampering graft-versus-leukemia effect in the allogeneic transplant setting. DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated the effect of sirolimus, bortezomib or the combination of both in the proliferation and activation of in vitro stimulated T lymphocytes. Pathways involved in this synergy were also analyzed using Western blot assays. Finally, BALB/c mice receiving C57BL/6 allogeneic donor bone marrow with splenocytes were used to measure in vivo the effect of this novel combination on the risk of graft-versus-host disease. RESULTS: The combination of both drugs synergistically inhibited both activation and proliferation of stimulated T cells. Also, the production of Th1 cytokines (IFN γ, IL-2 and TNF) was significantly inhibited. This effect was due, at least in part, to the inhibition of Erk and Akt phosphorylation. In vivo, the combination reduced the risk of graft-versus-host disease without hampering graft-versus-leukemia effect, as shown in mice receiving graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with sirolimus plus bortezomib being infused with tumor WEHI cells plus C57BL/6 donor BM and splenocytes. Conclusions The current study reveals a synergistic effect of the combination sirolimus and bortezomib to prevent graft-versus-host disease while maintaining the graft-versus-leukemia effect.     

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning regimen in children: a single-center experience

This single-center retrospective study reported the outcome of 19 children treated with a reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), for hematologic malignancies (n = 17), bone marrow failure (n = 1), and neuroblastoma (n = 1). Children were ineligible for standard myeloablative conditioning because of severe comorbidities (n = 9), a previous auto or allo-SCT (n = 7) or a prior history of extensive chemotherapy (n = 3). All patients underwent a fludarabine-based RIC regimen, and received grafts from matched-related donors (n = 5), match-unrelated donors (n = 6), or unrelated cord blood (UCB, n = 8). In this series, two patients treated with UCB failed to engraft and 63% achieved full donor chimerism at day 100 after allo-SCT. With a median follow-up of 537 d (range, 115-4136), treatment-related mortality was 16% and overall survival was 47%. The principal cause of death was disease relapse (n = 7). Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurred in 53% of patients, while only 10% developed extensive chronic GVHD. Overall, results from this series suggest that RIC allo-SCT can be a valid alternative treatment option in unfit children with malignant hematological diseases. Prospective studies are needed to enlarge pediatric experience in this domain and better identify those children more suitable for a RIC allo-SCT approach.     

Degree of mucositis and duration of neutropenia are the major risk factors for early post-transplant febrile neutropenia and severe bacterial infections after reduced-intensity conditioning

Background and objectives: Whether the intensity of the conditioning regimen affects febrile neutropenia (FN) and severe bacterial infections (SBIs) is not well established. We analyzed the risk factors (RFs) for the development of FN and SBI in the first 100 d post‐transplant in 195 consecutive adult recipients of a reduced‐intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RIC‐allo). Materials and methods: The RIC regimens consisted of fludarabine plus melphalan (62%) or busulphan (38%) (FluMel or FluBu). SBIs include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. Results: FN occurred in 141 patients (72%), always in the first 30 d post‐allo‐RIC. However, a SBI occurred in only 27 patients (14%) during this early post‐transplant period (P < 0.02) and NCI CTC grade III–IV mucosal damage in the first 10 d post‐transplantation (P = 0.03). RFs identified to SBI by multivariate analysis included corticosteroid therapy before day +100 (P < 0.01), mycophenolate mofetil‐based graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis (P < 0.01), and previous SBI before day +30 (P < 0.01). The rate of SBI from day +30 to +100 varied according to the number of RFs; thus, the rate of SBI was 1% in patients without any RF, 17% in patients with one RF, 29% with one RFs, and 53% in those with all three RFs. Conclusions: After an RIC‐allo, FN and early SBI occurred mostly in patients with severe mucositis and early‐onset neutropenia, while postengraftment high‐dose steroid therapy for acute GVHD was the major RF.     

Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

T. Mori, Y. Nakamura, J. Kato, K. Sugita, M. Murata, K. Kamei, S. Okamoto. Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reserved Abstract: Rhodotorula species have been increasingly recognized as emerging pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We herein report on a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who developed fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from an unrelated donor. He developed severe acute graft‐versus‐host disease requiring high‐dose steroids, and had serially been administered fluconazole and micafungin for the prophylaxis of fungal infection. Although several cases of Rhodotorula infection after HSCT have been reported, all of them were recipients of autologous HSCT, not allogeneic HSCT. A review of all the reported cases of Rhodotorula infection after HSCT revealed that all patients had received fluconazole or echinocandins before the onset of infection. The findings suggest that Rhodotorula species could be causative yeasts, particularly in patients receiving fluconazole or echinocandins, both of which are inactive against the species.     

Interferon gamma and T cells inhibit osteogenesis induced by allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells

The mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are reported to be immunoprivileged and osteogenic. We hypothesized that the use of allogeneic MSCs for bone repair was possible if they displayed an ability to induce similar osteogenesis in syngeneic as well as in allogeneic hosts. To test this hypothesis we used a cloned bone marrow derived cell, termed D1, isolated from Balb/c mice. The D1 cells were subcutaneously injected in syngeneic Balb/c, allogeneic immunocompetent B6, allogeneic T‐cell deficient NCr nude, and allogeneic B6 Pfp?/? Rag2?/? mice that lack matured T and B cells as well as NK‐cell cytolytic functions. D1 cells formed ectopic bones only in syngeneic or allogeneic immunocompromised hosts but not in allogeneic B6 hosts. The lack of T cells alone in allogeneic NCr mice was sufficient to promote osteogenesis in allogeneic environment. We observed a significantly higher number of T cells, B cells, macrophages and significantly higher expression of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) in B6 allogeneic implants as compared to the syngeneic implants. These factors correlated with severe inhibition of expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and runx2 genes in the implants from B6 mice. Our data suggest that strategies to inhibit T cells and IFN‐γ functions will be useful for bone repair mediated by allogeneic MSCs. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 227–234, 2013