“AIDS is rape!” gender and sexuality in children's responses to HIV and AIDS

This paper examines young African school children's understanding of HIV and AIDS. Based on focus group interviews with children aged 7–8 in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, it explores the ways in which gender and sexuality feature in their responses to the disease. Data were collected between 2003 and 2004 through 26 focus groups involving 55 boys and 64 girls. The paper argues that younger children are active agents in giving meaning to the disease. Their agency is negotiated within complex social processes involving sexual violence, highly unequal gender/age inequalities, but also sexual expression. Those expressions are subsumed however under a regime of violence and fear catapulting men, albeit with contestation, as chief vectors in the spread of the disease and a source of girls' anxieties. Children's responses to the disease are the effects of material, symbolic and discursive forces effectively constraining the opportunities available to them and creating patterns of vulnerability especially for young girls. Interventions aimed at scaling up efforts to address young children responses to the disease must be situated in parallel efforts to end poverty, sexual violence and pervasive gender inequalities in order to foster more comprehensively the exercise of young children's agency.     

老年股骨颈骨折围手术期的治疗分析

目的探讨老年人股骨颈骨折的治疗及围手术期的处理。方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2006年12月手术治疗的201例老年股骨颈骨折患者资料，其中男51例，女150例，年龄60～98岁，平均78．2岁。按Garden分型，Ⅱ型20例，Ⅲ型86例，Ⅳ型95例。采用多枚中空螺钉固定、Morre型人工股骨头置换术或双极人工股骨头置换手术进行治疗。结果本组患者平均住院10～14d，5～7d即能早期下床活动，住院期间及术后1年内无一例死亡。85％患者获得8个月～4年（平均2年）的随访，功能恢复按Harris评分，优良率为85％。结论老年人各脏器机能衰退，多同时合并各种内科疾病，手术治疗存在风险，但老年人股骨颈骨折的手术治疗仍能取得满意疗效。     

Polymorphic distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype and mitochondrial DNA in the Bouyei people in China

In the evolution of humans, many kinds of mutations in the human genome have been accumulated, providing credible genetic evidence for the study of human origins and migrations. The "out-of-Africa" hypothesis of modern human evolution and the genetic origin of the Japanese has come about by studying mitochondrial DNA.l,2 Recently, researchers have recognized the power of Y-chromosome markers in resolving migratory patterns of modern humans as more and more Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism markers have been found. The markers on the nonrecombinant part of the Y-chromosome allows for the reconstruction of intact haplotypes which are probably the best genetic tools to study human migrations. We can analyze the paternal history of some people in different areas by Y-chromosome haplotypes.     

腹腔镜治疗青年十二指肠球溃疡穿孔的临床应用

目的 评价腹腔镜下修补治疗十二指肠球部前壁溃疡穿孔的临床应用价值。方法 对我院2003年1月～2004年12月收治的42例青年十二指肠溃疡穿孔病例随机分组，20例接受腹腔镜下修补治疗，22例接受传统开腹修补。结果 两组术后胃肠功能恢复情况、术后使用镇痛药、平均住院时间差异均有显著性（P〈0．05），两组术后均无出血、中转开腹、再穿孔等并发症。结论 腹腔镜下修补治疗青年十二指肠球部前壁溃疡穿孔临床安全可行，应该作为首选方法在临床上推广应用。     

舒降之治疗老年人高脂血症的疗效观察

目的：观察舒降之（辛伐他汀）20mg每日一次降脂的临床疗效。方法：选35例老年高脂血症患者接受舒降之20mg,每日1次（晚上顿服）治疗,疗程8周。观察治疗前后血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）。结果：治疗8周后,血清TC、TG、LDL-C较入组前分别降低了29.20%、24.75%、32.87%（均P〈0.01）,其中,降低TC的总有效率为93.54%、降低TG的总有效率为59.26%。HDL-C较入组前升高了14.12%（P〈0.01）,升高HDL-C的总有效率为54.54%。结论：舒降之20mg,每日1次服用,安全有效,对改善老年人高脂血症有显著疗效。     

中老年人膳食和体液免疫水平的调查

作者调查了１６１例（男：９８，女：６３）中老年人的营养素摄入量、血浆蛋白及体液免疫水平。结果：该人群的大部分人热能的摄入量达ＲＤＡ值；膳食蛋白质、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ、锌和铁的摄入量较低；脂肪摄入量按热能比高于３０％者约占３０％；血浆总蛋白、球蛋白水平较低，尤其是女性；免疫球蛋白ＩｇＡ偏低，ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ偏高。     

健康人携带的白喉棒状杆菌生物学性状分析

目的：探讨健康人携带的白喉棒状杆菌的生物学特性及其与标准的产毒菌株的生物学性状的差异。方法：采用鸡蛋斜面培养基，亚碲酸钾血琼脂平板和肉汤培养基观察其生长特性，测定多种系列化反应性，毒力和药物敏感性。结果：健康人携带的白喉杆菌的培养特性典型均无毒力；发酵麦芽糖和发酵蔗糖的菌株较多，有较多的耐麦迪霉素，苯唑青霉素和洁霉素的菌株。结论：健康人所携带的白喉杆菌的生物学特性不同于标准的有毒力的菌株。     

激光液与654-2联合治疗轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效观察

目的：为评价激光辐射葡萄糖液（简称激光液）与６５４—２联合治疗轮状病毒所致婴幼儿腹泻的疗效。方法：用ＥＬＩＳＡ一步法检查大便轮状病毒阳性２岁以下的腹泻患儿１３２例，随机分为治疗组６３例（激光液与６５４—２联合治疗）和对照组６９例（常规治疗）。结果：治疗组总有效率９０．５％，明显高于对照组５２．２％，两者比较有显著意义（ｘ２＝３４．３６，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：激光液与６５４—２联合应用是治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎安全有效的方法。     

50岁以上正常人左室舒张期彩色多普勒血流频谱参数变化的研究

目的探讨５０岁以上正常人左室舒张期脉冲多普勒频谱的参数变化情况。方法选择一年半时间内受检的所有５０岁以上正常人４７５例，按每１０岁为一组分４组进行分析。受检者取左侧卧位，常规显示心尖四腔心切面，取样容积置于二尖瓣尖，使声束与二尖瓣血流方向夹角＜１５°，以连续三个心动周期的平均值分别测量Ｅ峰、Ａ峰、Ｅ／Ａ及Ｅ峰减速时间并统计。结果发现Ｅ峰高于正常值低限的例数、平均Ｅ峰血流速度以及Ｅ／Ａ均随着年龄的增加而下降，Ｅ峰减速时间则随着增龄而增加。结论左室舒张期血流频谱的所有参数与年龄有显著的相关性，明显随着增龄而变化，并且有其规律性。     

Skeletal Status in Children,Adolescents and Young Adults with End-Stage Renal Failure Treated with Hemo- or Peritoneal Dialysis

The skeletal status in 30 children, adolescents and young adults (18 females, 12 males) with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) aged 9-23 years (mean 15.8 ± 3.6 years) was evaluated using measurements of bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm²) at the spine and total body (TB) (Lunar DPX-L, USA), quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the hand phalanges (DBM Sonic 1200, IGEA, Italy) and laboratory investigations (parathyroid hormone, serum total and ionized calcium, serum phosphate). Eleven subjects were treated with hemodialysis and 19 with peritoneal dialysis. The mean value of the amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS, m/s) measured by QUS was significantly decreased in comparison with the value obtained in a group of 686 age-matched controls (1942 ± 74 m/s vs 2050 ± 77 m/s, p<0.0001). BMD measurements were also decreased in comparison with mean values for the healthy population (Z-scores for spine −1.47, and for TB −1.53). Duration of dialysis correlated significantly with spine-BMD, TB-BMD and Ad-SoS (r=−0.37, r = −0.45, r=−0.55, respectively, p<0.05), while duration of ESRF did not have such an influence. Laboratory investigations did not correlate with skeletal parameters. Ad-SoS correlated significantly with spine-BMD (r= 0.45, p<0.05) and TB-BMD (r= 0.56, p<0.01). Both QUS and BMD values correlated significantly with Tanner stages (r ranged from 0.59 to 0.69, p<0.001) and did not increase with age except for correlation between age and TB-BMD. In conclusion, skeletal status in the population studied is strongly affected by ESRF. Both QUS and BMD measurements show an ability to express skeletal changes in a similar manner, though the QUS parameter seems to be more sensitive at revealing changes due to renal failure. Received: 12 July 2001 / Accepted: 8 November 2001