唐山市大气PM2.5引起居民健康危害的经济学评价

目的 了解唐山市PM2.5污染对唐山市市区人口造成的健康危害,估算由于PM2.5造成的健康经济损失。方法 收集唐山市2013—2017年基本社会人口资料与大气PM2.5浓度。选择循环系统疾病住院等为健康效应终点,选用适当的暴露-反应关系,采取疾病成本法与支付意愿法相结合的方法评估PM2.5造成的健康效应的经济损失。结果 2013—2017年PM2.5污染造成的经济损失呈现逐年下降的趋势,其中2013年最高,为6.57亿元,占当年GDP的0.27%,2017年最低,为2.97亿元,占当年GDP的0.13%。结论 唐山PM2.5污染造成的健康损失呈现逐年下降的趋势,但数字仍然非常可观,需要进一步加强对PM2.5污染的监控与治理。     

Contingency management is effective across cocaine-dependent outpatients with different socioeconomic status

Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated its efficacy for treating cocaine dependence, but there is still some controversy with regard to its dissemination. Understanding how individual differences affect CM outcomes is important for detecting barriers to its dissemination. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of socioeconomic variables in cocaine-dependent outpatients on the effectiveness of CM in a community setting. Cocaine-dependent outpatients (N = 118) were randomized to community reinforcement approach (CRA) treatment or a CRA plus vouchers program. The impact of baseline economic variables, alone and in combination with treatment conditions, on abstinence and retention outcomes after 6 months of treatment was assessed. Results showed that income had no effect on retention or abstinence outcomes after 6 months of treatment in either treatment condition. The addition of a CM component was beneficial for individuals with any socioeconomic status. These results support the generalizability of CM strategies with patients of different socioeconomic status in community settings.     

Analysis of Stakeholder Engagement in the Public Comments of ICER Draft Evidence Reports

BackgroundHealth technology assessment is becoming increasingly important to healthcare payers'' decision-making. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) is the most established US-based research group performing value assessments. ICER provides opportunities for stakeholder engagement, including a window of opportunity for public comments on the draft evidence report. Those public comments were reviewed in this study.ObjectivesTo determine which stakeholders are most often commenting on ICER technology appraisal reports and to examine what aspects of the reports are the topics of these comments.MethodWe reviewed 7 ICER reports, which were used to extract stakeholder comments. All the identified comments were evaluated by 2 trained reviewers independently for stakeholder type, comment nature (positive or negative), and focus of comments (eg, methodology, data, real-world experience). Statistical analyses were used to analyze the reports for any associations between the frequency of the comments and the stakeholder type by therapeutic area.ResultsA total of 463 comments were identified within the 55 letter submissions identified across the 7 ICER reviews that were included in the study. The quantity of the comments generally reflected the quantity of therapies that were included in the review. Drug manufacturers (63.1%), patients or patient advocacy groups (18.1%), and providers or provider groups (9.7%) were the stakeholders most often engaged in the public comments. The comments most often addressed the methodology of the value assessment (53.8%). Comments about missing data (14%), general criticism (8.2%), and general support (2.2%) were less common.ConclusionICER is committed to engaging stakeholders in their value assessment process and adapting their strategies to improve such communications. Although ICER aims to influence payer decision-making, drug manufacturers were the most involved stakeholder in the assessment process, and they were most concerned with ICER''s methodology. These results show the impact that ICER may have on decision-making in healthcare, emphasize the incentives that ICER drives for certain stakeholders, and highlight areas for further investigation.     

中越卫生合作需求与策略

目的:通过分析越南的卫生合作需求,提出中越卫生合作的策略建议。方法:通过二手资料收集和定性访谈,收集健康相关可持续发展目标(SDG)数据、越南卫生发展规划、国际组织对越援助以及中越卫生合作现况。结果:越南以SDG为基础,规划优先发展领域。国际组织对越南卫生发展起到重要作用,但随着越南的经济发展,部分组织开始撤资。中越目前主要在多边合作框架下开展卫生合作,合作内容涉及卫生安全、卫生发展和医学创新。结论:中越卫生合作应根据两国卫生发展水平、卫生合作基础及国家发展规划决定合作的领域和方式。两国的卫生合作应随双方的发展进程和需求变化而动态调整。除了中越两国的资源,其他国际资源的有效利用也有助于卫生合作的推进。     

Mortalidad por complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas,impacto de la crisis y gasto sanitario en España, 2002-2013

ObjectiveTo describe the evolution of mortality risks for complications due to medical care or surgery between the periods prior to (2002-2007) and after (2008-2013) the beginning of the economic crisis for Spain and by autonomous region, and to analyse the relationship between the changes in the risks of death and the socioeconomic impact of the crisis and the variation in health spending.MethodEcological study based on age-standardized mortality rates, synthetic index of vulnerability as a socioeconomic indicator and variation in health expenditure as an indicator of health expenditure. The relative risk of death between periods was estimated with Poisson regression models.ResultsThe number of deaths increased for Spain in the period studied. Although the relationship between the increase in public investment in health and the decrease in mortality due to this cause has not been clearly demonstrated, it was possible to determine that the autonomous regions with the lowest increase in health expenditure had rates higher than the rest throughout the period, and that the most vulnerable to the crisis and with the lowest increase in spending presented the greatest increase in the risk of death between the periods.ConclusionsGiven the increase in these deaths, due to avoidable failures of the system, it is necessary to continue investigating this cause of mortality.     

A systematic review of the social and economic burden of influenza in low- and middle-income countries

ObjectivesThe economic burden of seasonal influenza outbreaks as well as influenza pandemics in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has yet to be specifically systematically reviewed. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the evidence of influenza economic burden assessment methods in LMIC and to quantify the economic consequences of influenza disease in these countries, including broader opportunity costs in terms of impaired social progress and economic development.MethodsWe conducted an all language literature search across 5 key databases using an extensive list of key words for the time period 1950–2013. We included studies which explored direct costs (medical and non-medical), indirect costs (productivity losses), and broader economic impact in LMIC associated with different influenza outcomes such as confirmed seasonal influenza infection, influenza-like illnesses, and pandemic influenza.ResultsWe included 62 full-text studies in English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese languages, mostly from the countries of Latin American and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific with pertinent cost data found in 39 papers. Estimates for direct and indirect costs were the highest in Latin American and the Caribbean. Compared to high-income economies, direct costs in LMIC were lower and productivity losses higher. Evidence on broader impact of influenza included impact on the wider national economy, security dimension, medical insurance policy, legal frameworks, distributional impact, and investment flows.ConclusionThe economic burden of influenza in LMIC encompasses multiple dimensions such as direct costs to the health service and households, indirect costs due to productivity losses as well as broader detriments to the wider economy. Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and in pregnant women remains very limited. Heterogeneity of methods used to estimate cost components makes data synthesis challenging. There is a strong need for standardizing research, data collection and evaluation methods for both direct and indirect cost components.     

The impact of the financial crisis on human resources for health policies in three southern-Europe countries

The public health sector has been the target of austerity measures since the global financial crisis started in 2008, while health workforce costs have been a source of rapid savings in most European Union countries. This article aims to explore how health workforce policies have evolved in three southern European countries under external constraints imposed by emergency financial programmes agreed with the International Monetary Fund, Central European Bank and European Commission. The selected countries, Greece, Portugal and Cyprus, show similarities with regard to corporatist systems of social protection and comprehensive welfare mechanisms only recently institutionalized. Based on document analysis of the Memoranda of Understanding agreed with the Troika, our results reveal broadly similar policy responses to the crisis but also important differences. In Cyprus, General Practitioners have a key position in reducing public expenditure through gatekeeping and control of users’ access, while Portugal and Greece seeks to achieve cost containment by constraining the decision-making powers of professionals. All three countries lack innovation as well as monitoring and assessment of the effects of the financial crisis in relation to the health workforce. Consequently, there is a need for health policy development to use human resources more efficiently in healthcare.     

沿长江流域不同地势四省份老年人病种的地域特征

[目的]研究长江流域不同地势阶梯的四省份老年人的病种与地域间的关系,为有针对性地防病、治病、健康教育提供依据。[方法]利用青、川、鄂、苏四省国民体质监测报告的统计数据,采用数理分析法、类比分析法,由西向东对处于长江流域不同地势四省份老年人的肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、意外事故、消化系统疾病、内分泌系统疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病、高血压、糖尿病、其他疾病等病种进行了对比研究。[结果]心脑血管疾病、糖尿病分别与地域呈线性相关;肿瘤病与内分泌系统疾病患者的住院率与地域所处阶梯之间呈二次曲线关系;泌尿生殖系统疾病与地域所处阶梯之间的关系不大;其他疾病住院与地域所处阶梯之间几乎没有关系。[结论]老年人的病种受海拔、气候、经济、生活习惯、饮食等因素的影响,四省老年人的住院病种存在着不同程度的差异,表现出相对独特的地域特征。     

自然分娩会阴切开术切口感染经济损失的研究

目的了解自然分娩会阴切开术后切口感染所造成的经济损失。方法采用1∶1配比病例对照方法,比较切口感染者与对照组之间的住院时间、住院费用及各支出情况。结果切口感染组住院时间比对照组平均多4.2d,两组有显著性差异(p<0.05);住院费用比对照组多896元,有显著性差异(p<0.05),主要增加的是药费、床位费及治疗费用。结论会阴切开术后合并切口感染延长了住院时间,增加了住院费用,增加了患者直接经济损失及痛苦,使患者身心受到伤害。     

关于深化医学院校领导干部经济责任审计的思考

医学院校已广泛开展领导干部经济责任审计。深化领导干部经济责任审计必须加强几方面工作：领导重视是深化经济责任审计的前提条件;规范操作是深化经济责任审计的必要保证;落实措施是深化经济责任审计的长效体现。