Live longer,retire later? Developments of healthy life expectancies and working life expectancies between age 50–59 and age 60–69 in Europe

Europe’s population is ageing. Statutory retirement ages are commonly raised to account for continuous increases in life expectancy. In order to estimate the potential to increase statutory and consequently effective retirement ages further, in this study, we investigate the relationship between partial working life expectancy (WLE) and three health expectancies that represent health aspects important for work ability and employability between ages 50 and 59 as well as 60 and 69 for women and men in Europe. We also explore the association between these four indicators and the highest level of educational attainment. We apply Sullivan’s method to estimate WLE and three selected measures that capture general, physical, and cognitive health status of older adults for 26 European countries since 2004. Over time, WLEs increased significantly in the younger age group for women and in the older age group for both sexes. The expected number of years in good physical health have continuously been higher than any of the other three indicators, while the expected number of years in good cognitive health have shown a noticeable increase over time. The investigation of the relationship between education and each life expectancy confirms the well-established positive correlation between education and economic activity as well as good health. Our results indicate potential to extend working lives beyond current levels. However, significant differences in the expected number of years in good health between persons with different levels of education require policies that account for this heterogeneity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10433-020-00592-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Accountability for the human right to health through treaty monitoring: Human rights treaty bodies and the influence of concluding observations

Employing novel coding methods to evaluate human rights monitoring, this article examines the influence of United Nations (UN) treaty bodies on national implementation of the human right to health. The advancement of the right to health in the UN human rights system has shifted over the past 20 years from the development of norms under international law to the implementation of those norms through national policy. Facilitating accountability for this rights-based policy implementation under the right to health, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) monitors state implementation by reviewing periodic reports from state parties, engaging in formal sessions of ‘constructive dialogue’ with state representatives, and issuing concluding observations for state response. These concluding observations recognise the positive steps taken by states and highlight the principal areas of CESCR concern, providing recommendations for implementing human rights and detailing issues to be addressed in the next state report. Through analytic coding of the normative indicators of the right to health in both state reports and concluding observations, this article provides an empirical basis to understand the policy effects of the CESCR monitoring process on state implementation of the right to health.     

Reframing child rights to effect policy change

BackgroundMuch of the discourse surrounding children's advocacy in the United States relies on a rights-based approach. We argue that this approach has limitations that impede progress in advancing children's well-being.PurposeThe purpose of this article is to explain alternatives to a rights-based approach in advocating for children, such as developmental, economic, capabilities, and mutualism frameworks.MethodsOur analysis is based on the independent work of two separate university-based groups studying children's rights; the authors were each members of one of the groups and subsequently integrated their findings for this article.DiscussionUS policies for children, especially in the domains of health and education, depict an unevenness that results in many children failing to receive certain critical services and benefits. Relying on a rights-based approach to correct these disparities and inequities is contentious and has yet to sufficiently change state and federal policies or improve children's health outcomes. Other approaches are needed to advance children's well-being.ConclusionNurses individually and collectively need to be mindful of the pitfalls of a rights-based approach and use other frameworks in advocating for children and youth.     

马尔科夫模型下内固定和半髋关节置换治疗骨质疏松性股骨粗隆骨折的质量调整生命年的比较研究

目的比较内固定和半髋关节置换治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆骨折获得的质量调整生命年的总和,为治疗方法的决策制定和经济效益分析提供依据。方法时间跨度设定为10年,既从2018～2028年,建立内固定和半髋关节置换治疗老年股骨粗隆骨折马尔科夫模型。对数个数据库进行检索,纳入比较内固定和半髋关节置换治疗老年股骨粗隆骨折的研究,提取模型所需要的临床结果概率数据。利用决策软件计算两种治疗方法获得的质量调整生命年总和,并对结果进行敏感度分析。结果老年股骨粗隆骨折患者接受半髋关节置换手术10年后获得的质量调整生命年总和为5.062年,接收内固定治疗10年后获得的质量调整生命年总和为5.745年。患者经内固定治疗比经半髋关节置换获得的质量调整生命年多。单因素和双因素敏感度分析支持模型结果。结论在预期10年寿命的患者中,半髋关节置换与内固定治疗相比不具备优势。老年股骨粗隆骨折患者经半髋关节置换治疗后的质量调整生命年系数需达到0.8,获得的质量调整生命年总和才会比内固定治疗高。     

Economic aspects of empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile neutropenia in children with cancer

Several antibiotic regimens have been proposed worldwide for empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer, but none of them shows clear advantages in terms of clinical efficacy. Therefore, other parameters, including drug acquisition costs, should be considered in the selection of treatment. Children receive a "fraction" of a standard daily dose, and this fraction is generally calculated on the basis of body weight; therefore, the cost of each day of therapy is determined by the packages available for each single drug. We calculated the acquisition costs of various drugs proposed for the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer, and then we estimated the daily cost of therapy referred to different patient weights. In general, the combination regimen with ceftriaxone plus aminoglycoside turned out to be less expensive than other regimens (including monotherapy with third-generation cephalosporins or carbapenems).     

低收入大学生一般自我效能感、主观幸福感研究

近年来 ,低收入大学生作为高校中的一个特殊群体逐渐受到研究者和教育者的关注。目前对低收入大学生的一般自我效能感 (generalself -efficacy)和主观幸福感的研究还不多见。一般自我效能感是指个体对各种挑战或新情境的应对能力的总体信心[1] 。一般自我效能感描述的是个体有效地应对各种紧张情境的广义而稳定的个人能力感 ,它与身心健康存在一定的关系[1- 2 ] 。主观幸福感 (subjectivewell-being)是指人们对于自己是否幸福的主观感受 ,是反应心理健康水平的重要指标之一。研究低收入大学生的一般自我效能感和幸福感的特点及其关系对于揭…     

新农村建设背景下农民经济收入、文化程度对心理和谐的影响

目的探讨新农村建设背景下农民经济收入、文化程度对心理和谐的影响程度。方法采用中国农民心理和谐问卷,对云南和河南两省户口在农村的3332名农民进行问卷调查。结果经济收入在人际氛围(F=3.003,P0.05)、生活环境(F=2.764,P0.05)、自我状态(F=13.195,P0.001)、总体心理和谐(F=4.927,P0.001)上存在显著差异;文化程度在社会环境(F=8.120,P0.001)、人际氛围(F=5.785,P0.001)、生活环境(F=6.559,P0.001)、自我状态(F=9.835,P0.001)、总体心理和谐(F=8.908,P0.001)上存在显著差异;经济收入、文化程度对心理和谐的影响存在地区差异;经济收入、文化程度与心理和谐呈正相关。结论经济收入和文化程度是影响农民心理和谐的重要因素。