新疆栽培种和野生种罗布麻叶中总黄酮含量分析

目的 探讨不同采收期栽培和野生种罗布麻叶的最适采收时期,为罗布麻的实际生产提供依据.方法 采用分光光度法对不同采收期野生及栽培种罗布麻叶中的总黄酮含量进行测定.结果 野生及栽培种总黄酮的含量均是7月和9月较高,野生种罗布麻叶总黄酮的含量与栽培种比较无显著差异.结论 新疆罗布麻叶的最适采收期为7月和9月.     

Genetic background influences the capacity for medial edge epithelium disintegration and phenotype of cleft palate in TGFβ3 knockout mice

ObjectivesCleft palate is a frequent congenital craniofacial malformation of unknown etiology. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 is required for palatal shelf fusion. Although TGFβ3 knockout (KO) mice are widely used mouse models for cleft palate, cleft palate phenotypes differ among these mice. This study aimed to determine the effects of genetic background on the cleft palate phenotype in mice.MethodsWe produced TGFβ3 KO congenic mouse strains with five different genetic backgrounds. The phenotypes of the congenic strains were determined by visual examination. The capacity for disintegration of the medial edge epithelium (MEE) and basement membrane (BM) of palatal shelves of all five mouse strains was analyzed by using immunofluorescence staining after single palatal shelf suspension culture. The relationship between phenotype and disappearance of the MEE and BM was analyzed.ResultsAlthough the five congenic strains carried the same defective Tgfb3 gene, the fetal palate phenotypes differed among strains. The loss of the MEE cells and BM also differed with the genetic background, and the degree of such loss correlated with the cleft palate phenotype.ConclusionsThe cleft palate phenotype in mice is influenced by the genetic background, which governs the capacity for MEE and BM disintegration.     

Consumption of nitrate containing vegetables and the risk of chronic kidney disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Background: There is growing evidence regarding the potential properties of nitrate-rich foods in development of chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated the association of nitrate-containing vegetables (NCVs) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: We evaluated 1546 eligible adult participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), at baseline (2006–2008) and again after 3 years (2009–2011). Dietary intake was collected using the validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nitrate-containing vegetables and its categories including high-, medium-, and low-nitrate vegetables were defined. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD were defined. Association between NCVs and CKD in the cross-sectional phase and the predictability of NCVs consumption in CKD occurrence were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Mean dietary intake of energy-adjusted NCVs was 298.0?±?177.3?g/day. Highest compared to the lowest tertile of NCVs was accompanied with a significantly lower mean eGFR (76.6 vs. 83.3, mL/min/1.73 m², p?<?0.001) and a higher prevalence of CKD (21.7 vs. 9.9%, p?<?0.001). At baseline, higher intake of high-NCVs was associated with a 48% higher chance of having CKD (OR?=?1.48, 95% CI?=?1.05–2.13). After 3 years of follow-up, there was no significant association between consumption of total NCVs and its categories with the occurrence of CKD. Conclusion: Considering the lack of association between high-NCVs intakes and the risk of CKD in prospective analysis, additional research is recommended to clarify possible effect of nitrate intakes from vegetables on kidney function.     

云南芒市地区野生食用蘑菇中137Cs、40K含量及所致居民剂量估算

目的 检测可食用野生蘑菇中人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs和天然放射性核素⁴⁰K的含量及分布特点,计算野生蘑菇中放射性核素水平及其所致剂量。方法 采集了产自云南省芒市的18类33份可食用野生蘑菇样品,用实验室低本底高纯锗（HPGe）γ谱仪分析了其中放射性核素¹³⁷Cs、⁴⁰K的含量。结果 33份样品中,仅1份样品¹³⁷Cs的含量在探测限之下,其余32份样品中均可检测出¹³⁷Cs,比活度范围值为0.45~339.58 Bq/kg（干重）,平均值25.47 Bq/kg（干重）。所有样品均检测出天然放射性核素⁴⁰K,核素比活度最小值和最大值分别为453.4、1 882.6 Bq/kg（干重）,平均值为815.1 Bq/kg（干重）。当去除只有1个样品数的蘑菇种类后,毛钉菇、美味牛肝菌、白牛肝菌、锈盖粉孢牛肝菌、香菇、茶褐牛肝菌6个种类蘑菇间¹³⁷Cs含量差异有统计学意义（F=21.13,P<0.05）,而⁴⁰K含量差异无统计学意义。结论 6类不同蘑菇中¹³⁷Cs含量不同,其中毛钉菇、香菇中人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs含量相对较高。但食入此类蘑菇对成人所致待积有效剂量极其微小,不会影响健康。     

3S技术支持下的野生药用植物资源调查方案设计

本文配合第四次全国中药资源普查试点设计了基于3S技术的野生药用植物资源调查方案,包括空间抽样调查方法以及野外调查代表区域样地和样方套计算机辅助设计等内容。为第四次全国中药资源普查工作中野生药用植物资源的调查的开展提供了技术支持。     

Chemical composition of five wild edible mushrooms collected from Southwest China and their antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity

Evaluation of the chemical composition and antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of five wild edible mushrooms (Clitocybe maxima, Catathelasma ventricosum, Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Craterellus cornucopioides and Laccaria amethystea) from Southwest China. The chemical composition assay includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and total energy), bioactive compounds analysis (total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, tocopherol), fatty acid analysis, amino acid analysis, phenolic compounds analysis and mineral analysis of these mushrooms. Furthermore, assays of α-glucosidase inhibitory and α-amylase inhibitory activity were used for evaluating antihyperglycemic activity of the mushrooms, and assays of reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, scavenging effect on hydroxyl free radicals and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were used for evaluating antioxidant activity of the mushrooms. Based on the results, ethanolic and aqueous extract of these mushroom all showed antihyperglycemic and antioxidant potential. In particular, the aqueous extract of C. ventricosum revealed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 2.74 μg/mL), DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 value 2.86 mg/mL) and reducing power (EC50 value 0.96 mg/mL), while the aqueous extract of L. amethystea showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (EC50 value 4.37 μg/mL) and metal chelating activity (EC50 value 2.13 mg/mL).     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

Variety in vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of bladder cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Recent research does not show an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and bladder cancer risk. None of these studies investigated variety in fruit and vegetable consumption, which may capture different aspects of consumption. We investigated whether a varied consumption of vegetables and fruits is associated with bladder cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Detailed data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer incidence were available for 452,185 participants, who were recruited from ten European countries. After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 874 participants were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Diet diversity scores (DDSs) were used to quantify the variety in fruit and vegetable consumption. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of the DDSs on bladder cancer risk. There was no evidence of a statistically significant association between bladder cancer risk and any of the DDSs when these scores were considered as continuous covariates. However, the hazard ratio (HR) for the highest tertile of the DDS for combined fruit and vegetable consumption was marginally significant compared to the lowest (HR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.69, p-trend = 0.05). In EPIC, there is no clear association between a varied fruit and vegetable consumption and bladder cancer risk. This finding provides further evidence for the absence of any strong association between fruit and vegetable consumption as measured by a food frequency questionnaire and bladder cancer risk.     

丰富环境对野生小家鼠和昆明小鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

目的 比较丰富环境对野生小家鼠和驯化小鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响.方法 为控制丰富环境,实验选用了野生小家鼠F1代.断奶后,将野生小家鼠F1代和昆明小鼠(由野生小家鼠驯化而来)随机放入普通环境和丰富环境内饲养,1个月后进行水迷宫实验:野生普通组(n=6)、野生丰富组(n=7)、昆明普通组(n=10)、昆明丰富组(n=10).结果 (1)记忆阶段,早期丰富饲养环境可以显著缩短野生小家鼠找到站台的潜伏期[普通环境(39.5±3.8)s;丰富环境(25.2±4.5)s;F(1,22)=8.115,P<0.01],但是对昆明小鼠没有显著影响[普通环境(8.5±2.4)s;丰富环境(7.5±1.7)8;F(1,36)=0.149,P=0.702];(2)学习阶段,早期丰富饲养环境可以显著缩短野生小家鼠(F(1,132)=15.307,P<0.01)和昆明小鼠(F(1.216)=8.701,P<0.01)找到站台的潜伏期.结论 早期丰富饲养环境可以提高小鼠的空间学习记忆能力,且对野生小家鼠的影响更大.因此,在丰富环境相关研究中,野生动物模型具有更好的效度.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate and compare the effect of early environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory in wild house mouse and Kunming mouse,one kind of laboratory mouse which evolved from wild house mouse.Methods The wild house mouse F1 generation were employed to control the environmental enrichment.Offspring were weaned on PND22 and housed in usual or rich environment for one month randomly,then engaged the morris maze:house moutse rich environment(n=7),house mouse poor environment(n=6),Kunming mouse rich environment(n=10),Kunming mouse poor environment(n=10).Results (1)Early environmental enrichment improve the performance of house mouse(poor environment:(39.5±3.8)s;rich environment:(25.2±4.5)s;F(1,22)=8.115,P<0.01),but had no effect on that of Kunming mouse in tests of spatial memory (poor environment:(8.5±2.4)s;rich environment:(7.5±1.7)s;F(1,36)=0.149,P=0.702).(2)Early environmental enrichment improve the performance of house mouse(F(1,132)=15.307,P<0.01)and Kunming mouse (F(1,216)=8.701,P<0.01)in spatial learn session.Conclusion The wild house mouse is more sensitive to the enrich environment than laboratory mouse.Therefore,it has higher validity of model.     

Socioeconomic status and lifestyle choices: evidence from latent class analysis

This paper uses repeated cross-section data from Norway to estimate the demand for fruits and vegetables (FV) and physical activity (PA) with a particular focus on the role of socioeconomic status. Conventional econometric count data models produce results that are commonly found in empirical work; the effect of higher socioeconomic status on healthy behavior is positive and generally statistically significant, but the average partial effects are in some cases small and imprecisely estimated. For both behaviors, subsequent latent class models identify two subpopulations - or groups of people - with different sets of preferences; one group has low latent demands, but for these individuals, average partial effects of socioeconomic status are generally stronger than those predicted by the conventional models. The other smaller group consists of individuals who have high latent demands, but whose variability in behavior is poorly explained by socioeconomic status. Posterior analysis shows that individuals with higher socioeconomic status are more likely to belong to the healthier of these two groups. Proxies for time preferences, risk, self-control, and time constraints are also found to be important in characterizing high latent demand groups for PA and FV.