呑咽功能训练联合舌肌训练治疗脑卒中后呑咽障碍患者的效果观察

目的 探讨呑咽功能训练联合舌肌训练在脑卒中后呑咽障碍患者中的应用效果.方法 收集84例脑卒中后呑咽障碍患者随机分为两组,对照组患者采取常规治疗,观察组加用呑咽功能训练联合舌肌训练治疗,比较两组患者呑咽障碍治疗效果、治疗前后标准与电视透视吞咽功能、日常生活能力与生活质量.结果 观察组患者治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);观察组患者治疗后吞咽功能评分表(SSA)评分显著低于对照组,视频透视吞咽检查(VFSS)评分显著高于对照组(P<0.01);观察组患者治疗后改良Barthel指数(MBI)与吞咽障碍特异性生活质量表(SWAL-QOL)评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01).结论 呑咽功能训练联合舌肌训练在脑卒中后呑咽障碍患者中的效果显著,具有借鉴价值.     

遮盖疗法联合综合训练治疗屈光参差性弱视儿童的效果及对视觉敏感度的影响

目的探讨遮盖疗法联合综合训练治疗屈光参差性弱视儿童的效果及对视觉敏感度的影响,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。方法采用随机数字表法回顾性抽取2014年11月-2017年1月在厦门市妇幼保健院接受治疗的140例(140眼)屈光参差性弱视儿童的临床资料,所有患儿均接受遮盖疗法治疗,依据患儿是否接受综合训练将患儿分为观察组68例(遮盖疗法联合综合训练)和对照组72例(单纯遮盖疗法),观察并比较两组患儿临床疗效及视觉敏感度的变化,比较两组患儿1°和15°空间频率时P100振幅及潜伏期变化,分析两组患儿在不同年龄段的疗效。结果两组患儿治疗后视力、1°和15°空间频率时P100振幅及潜伏期水平显著优于治疗前水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且治疗后观察组患儿在视力、1°和15°空间频率时P100振幅及潜伏期水平显著优于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患儿在不同空间频率的视觉敏感度显著优于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且治疗后观察组患儿在不同空间频率的视觉敏感度显著优于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患儿在≤6岁年龄段治疗有效率87.88%明显高于7~12岁年龄段有效率65.71%和对照组≤6岁年龄段有效率78.95%,对照组≤6岁年龄段有效率78.95%高于7~12岁年龄段有效率41.18%。结论屈光参差性弱视儿童采用遮盖疗法联合综合训练治疗具有确切的疗效,且对于治疗年龄≤6岁患儿疗效优于7~12岁患儿。     

Evaluating the readability and suitability of construction occupational safety and health materials designed for workers

Introduction

Printed materials for training and hazard communication are an essential part of occupational safety and health programs, but must be understood by their intended audience.

Methods

Researchers collected 103 safety training handouts, brochures, and Safety Data Sheets and scored them for readability and suitability using four standard health communication instruments: the SMOG test, the Flesch‐Kincaid Reading Ease Assessment, the SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials), and CCI (the CDC Clear Communication Index).

Results

Some of the materials used unfamiliar and technical terms. The SAM and CCI checklists revealed several elements of design and layout known to facilitate communication and comprehension, but missing from most of the materials scored.

Conclusion

Occupational safety and health professionals preparing curricula and handouts for distribution to workers should incorporate some form of readability and suitability assessment to help ensure their written materials are clear and comprehensible to all segments of their audience.

     

Outcome measures to assess walking ability following stroke: a systematic review of the literature

Objectives

The recovery of independent walking is an important goal in stroke rehabilitation. The objective of this systematic review was to identify all outcome measures used in the stroke research literature that included an evaluation of walking ability and evaluate the concepts contained in these measures with reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.

Data sources

Searches were conducted of MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases for the time period January 1990-December 2005 using appropriate keywords.

Review methods

Studies were selected for further analysis if they used one or more standardized outcome measure incorporating an aspect of walking defined by the ICF. The outcome measure had to have published psychometric properties and specifically measure walking rather than mobility. The content of each outcome measure was classified with reference to the ICF subcategories for walking. The number of times each outcome measure was used was calculated.

Results

Three hundred and fifty-seven studies met the selection criteria. Sixty-one different outcome measures were used a total of 848 times to measure walking ability. Six of the outcome measures reflected impairment and 52 reflected limitations of activity and participation. The other three outcome measures showed overlap between domains, reflecting aspects of both impairment and limitations in activity and participation. The three most frequently used measures (self-paced gait speed measured over a short distance, spatiotemporal parameters and fast gait speed) were used 350 times but only assessed one ICF subcategory. The Rivermead Mobility Index and the Adapted Patient Evaluation Conference System assessed the greatest number of ICF subcategories but were used only 19 times and once respectively.

Conclusions

The most frequently used outcome measures reflect only one aspect of walking ability: walking short distances. Mobility tasks related to function in the community, like walking long distances, around obstacles and over uneven ground, and moving around outside or in buildings other then the home are not well represented by outcome measures used in most studies.     

Effect of motorized scooters on physical performance and mobility: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of providing a motorized scooter on physical performance and mobility. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial comparing scooter users with usual care. SETTING: One academic and 1 Veterans Affairs medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Ambulatory, community-dwelling outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis of the knee. INTERVENTION: Provision of a motorized scooter for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and mobility methods in diverse locations at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months, and accidents while using the scooter. RESULTS: The majority of scooter subjects (n=16/22 [72.7%]) used the scooter 4 or more days per week. The difference+/-standard deviation between the 2 groups in change in 6MWD over the study period was not statistically significant (scooter users, 16.9+/-73.0 m [55.5+/-239.6 ft]; usual care, 17.2+/-72.5 m [56.5+/-238.0 ft], P=.55). Four (18.1%) scooter users reported 9 accidents. Over the study period, the proportion of persons reporting use of a scooter (provided by the study or otherwise available) increased in the scooter-users group (eg, food stores, 16.7% to 52.6%; doctor's office, 0% to 35.7%) but not the usual-care group (food stores, 9.1% to 9.5%; doctor's office, 0% to 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Motorized scooters provided to ambulatory persons with arthritis were used intermittently. The greatest short-term risk from scooter usage appeared to be minor collisions.     

The assessment of walking capacity using the walking index for spinal cord injury: self-selected versus maximal levels

OBJECTIVES: To assess (1) the frequency and magnitude of differences between self-selected and maximal walking capacity following spinal cord injury (SCI) by using the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI) and (2) how these levels differ in efficiency and velocity. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty people with chronic incomplete SCI. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects ambulated at the level used in the community (self-selected WISCI) and the highest level possible (maximal WISCI). Velocity (in m/s), Physiological Cost Index (PCI), and Total Heart Beat Index (THBI) were calculated. Differences were compared using the paired t test (parametric) or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (nonparametric). RESULTS: For 36 subjects, maximal WISCI was higher than self-selected WISCI; 21 subjects showed an increase of 3 levels or more. Ambulatory velocity was higher for self-selected WISCI compared with maximal WISCI (.68 m/s vs .56 m/s, P<.001). PCI and THBI at self-selected WISCI were lower than at maximal WISCI (PCI, 0.99 beats/m vs 1.48 beats/m, P<.001; THBI, 3.39 beats/m vs 4.75 beats/m, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many people with chronic SCI are capable of ambulating at multiple levels. For these people, ambulation at self-selected WISCI was more efficient as evidenced by greater velocity and decreased PCI and THBI. The findings have implications for assessing walking capacity within the context of clinical trials.     

基于“Miller金字塔”原理的分层教学模式在妇科腹腔镜模拟教学中的应用

目的观察基于"Miller金字塔"原理的分层教学模式在妇科腹腔镜模拟教学中的应用效果。方法以病房为单位按整群抽样法,将2019级全体妇产科住院医师分为试验组和对照组,每组各30人;对照组采用传统的教学模式,试验组采用将基于"Miller金字塔"原理的分层教学模式应用于腹腔镜模拟培训箱和手术模拟器的教学中。培训后,考核两组住院医师腹腔镜基础操作能力;应用客观结构化技能评价评分系统(OSATS)进行手术模拟考核,并在考核后完成教学满意度调查。结果完成6个月的培训后,试验组住院医师的腹腔镜基本操作技术考核成绩均显著高于对照组(P<0.001);试验组和对照组住院医师的手术模拟考核OSATS评分,在培训后较培训前均显著提高(P<0.05),但试验组的操作质量评分显著高于对照组(P<0.001),且操作完成用时显著少于对照组(P<0.001)。试验组在兴趣程度、可参与性、掌握程度和教学满意度上,均高于对照组,在学习难易程度上低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论基于"Miller金字塔"原理的分层教学模式在妇科住院医师腹腔镜技能培训中的应用效果优于传统的教学方法,值得进一步推广。     

K点刺激、多点负压刺激联合吞咽训练治疗重症颅脑损伤吞咽功能障碍的临床观察

目的 观察K点刺激、多点负压刺激联合吞咽训练治疗重症颅脑损伤吞咽功能障碍的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年10月—2021年9月武汉市第一医院收治的92例重症颅脑损伤吞咽功能障碍患者为研究对象,随机分为研究组、对照组,每组46例。对照组采取吞咽训练治疗,研究组在对照组基础上予以K点刺激和多点负压刺激,两组均持续治疗4周后评价效果。对比两组患者治疗前后吞咽功能［洼田饮水试验（WST）、X射线透视功能检查（VFSS）］、临床疗效、表面肌电图（sEMG）变化、吞咽障碍生活质量量表（ED-QOL）评分及营养状况［白蛋白（Alb）、血清总蛋白（TP）］。结果 研究组治疗后WST评分的下降程度大于对照组（P <0.05）,VFSS评分的差值高于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组临床疗效、总有效率优于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后sEMG最大波幅值的差值高于对照组（P <0.05）,吞咽时间的下降程度大于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后ED-QOL评分的下降程度大于对照组（P <0.05）。研究组治疗前后血清Alb、TP的差值高于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 K点刺激、多点负压刺激联合吞咽训练治疗重症颅脑损伤吞咽功能障碍可改善患者吞咽功能、临床疗效,提高sEMG波幅、生活质量,缩短吞咽时间,并有利于改善患者的营养状况。