血清抵抗素与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的探讨抵抗素在2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗发生中的作用。方法测量42例2型糖尿病患者及40例健康对照者的身高、体重、腰围,计算体重指数,酶联免疫吸附法测空腹血清抵抗素浓度。同时测定空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、血脂的水平,根据Homa模型提出的公式,计算出胰岛素抵抗指数并分析各指标间的关系。结果2型糖尿病组抵抗素的水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01);血清抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)、空腹血糖、腰围呈显著正相关。结论抵抗素参与了胰岛素抵抗的发生,与糖尿病的发生、发展密切相关,可作为评价胰岛素抵抗程度的一项指标。     

罗格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效观察

目的观察罗格列酮应用于单用胰岛素治疗血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性。方法102例2型糖尿病患者,随机分成两组:单用胰岛素治疗组(DM+INS组)50例,联合治疗组(DM+INS+RSG组)治疗组52例,在继续应用胰岛素治疗的基础上加服罗格列酮(Rosiglitazone,RSG)4mg/d,共三个月。观测两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)及餐后血糖(PPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HgA1C)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDLC)和体重指数(BMI)的改变。结果DM+INS+RSG组与DM+INS组治疗前FPG、PPG、HbA1C、TC、TG、HDLC、LDLC和胰岛素用量无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。DM+INS+RSG组治疗后1个月和3个月FPG、PPG、HbA1C均有明显的下降(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论对单用胰岛素治疗血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者可加用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮治疗,可使血糖和糖化血红蛋白得以良好的控制。     

中国部分中年人群糖尿病患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率现况调查

目的描述中国14组中年人群空腹血糖受损（IFG）患病率、糖尿病（DM）患病率、知晓率、治疗率、控制率现状及其近年的变化趋势。方法1998年对14组35～59岁人群进行整群抽样调查，测定空腹血糖并询问DM史及治疗史，用于现况研究。对其中4组曾在1993—1994年进行相同调查的人群进行变化趋势研究。结果14组人群IFG和DM年龄标化患病率分别为0．5％～15．6％（平均4．8％）和0．2％～10．6％（平均4．3％），无性别差异，城市高于农村（P〈0．01），年龄越大患病率越高（P〈0．01）。DM知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为0％～46．2％（平均33．3％）、0％～46．2％（平均27．2％）和0％～15．4％（平均9．7％）；女性大于男性（P〈0．01），城市高于农村（P=0．031）．年龄越大上述三率越高（P〈0．05），与文化程度无显著关联。在DM知晓者中治疗率平均为81．6％，在治疗者中控制率平均为35．6％，且男女、城乡、年龄组问差异无统计学意义。1993-1994年到1998年4组人群DM患病率平均由3．8％上升到4．6％（P=0．037），知晓率、治疗率、控制率有上升趋势但变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论中国14组中年人群DM患病率两性之间差异无统计学意义．地区之间差异明显，近年呈上升趋势。DM知晓率、治疗率、控制率总体处于较低水平。解决DM人群防治的关键是改善检出机会和提高治疗效果两个环节。     

某高校13年来高血压、高脂血症与糖尿病的流行趋势及其相关性调查

目的了解高校高血压的人群患病率、高血压脂代谢异常与发生糖尿病的关系。方法通过回顾性调查自1989年以来记录的高血压、糖尿病防治情况及历年全院健康体检记录的血脂检查情况进行统计分析。结果我院高血压的患病率由1991年的10·74%升至2003年的14·68%(P<0·05);≥60岁人群的患病率由1991年的28·58%升至2003年的40·14%(P<0·05),且各年份≥60岁人群的患病率均明显高于全院教职工总的患病率(P<0·01),≥60岁的高血压患者占病人总数的比例由1991年的57·58%升至2003年的73·50%(P<0·05);糖尿病患者51·36%同时有高血压;高血压伴血脂异常和糖尿病者为18·56%。结论高校教职工特别是≥60岁人群高血压患病率有逐年增高的趋势,高血压并血脂异常及糖尿病的可能原因为胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症。在降压治疗的同时应注意调脂治疗并预防高血压并发糖尿病的发生。     

Impact of Generalist Care Managers on Patients with Diabetes

Objective. To determine how the addition of generalist care managers and collaborative information technology to an ambulatory team affects the care of patients with diabetes.
Study Setting. Multiple ambulatory clinics within Intermountain Health Care (IHC), a large integrated delivery network.
Study Design. A retrospective cohort study comparing diabetic patients treated by generalist care managers with matched controls was completed. Exposure patients had one or more contacts with a care manager; controls were matched on utilization, demographics, testing, and baseline glucose control. Using role-specific information technology to support their efforts, care managers assessed patients' readiness for change, followed guidelines, and educated and motivated patients.
Data Collection. Patient data collected as part of an electronic patient record were combined with care manager-created databases to assess timely testing of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and changes in LDL and HbA1c levels.
Principal Findings. In a multivariable model, the odds of being overdue for testing for HbA1c decreased by 21 percent in the exposure group ( n =1,185) versus the control group ( n =4,740). The odds of being tested when overdue for HbA1c or LDL increased by 49 and 26 percent, respectively, and the odds of HbA1c <7.0 percent also increased by 19 percent in the exposure group. The average HbA1c levels decreased more in the exposure group than in the controls. The effect on LDL was not significant.
Conclusions. Generalist care managers using computer-supported diabetes management helped increase adherence to guidelines for testing and control of HbA1c levels, leading to improved health status of patients with diabetes.     

持续皮下胰岛素输注和胰岛素每日多点注射治疗2型糖尿病的成本效果分析

Objective To observe the cost-effectiveness of using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CS Ⅱ) and multi-point daily insulin injections (MDI) in controlling blood sugar in the newly hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients. Methods Retrospective analysis on 86 cases taking CS Ⅱ and 103 cases using MDI on a 'blood sugar control program' among the newly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. The period for observation was 2 weeks, using cost-effectiveness analysis methods to evaluate the two treatment programs. Results After two weeks of treatment, the effectiveness in the control of blood sugar in CS Ⅱ group was similar to the MDI group, with no significant difference(P<0.05) and the adverse reactions were similar. Costs in the CS Ⅱ program (Yuan/person) was less than in the MDI program (1478.34 vs. 1620.46), with significant differences (P< 0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratios (C/E) were 15.07 in the CS Ⅱ group, and 16.34 in the MDI group, with no significant difference (P>0.05). In order to further reduce the cost of CS Ⅱ group as a reference, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (△C/ △E)ofthe MDI group was 129.20. Conclusion Costs-effective of the CS Ⅱ program was better than the MDI one in treating the newly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that CS Ⅱ program might be a better choice for hospitals to carry on an intensive insulin therapy program.     

Clothing size as an indicator of adiposity, ischaemic heart disease and cardiovascular risks

OBJECTIVE: To relate subjects' clothing sizes to waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and to the risks of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and to derive cut-off levels of clothing size that correspond to increased health risks. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Setting Glasgow Royal Infirmary. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified subsample of 201 men and 161 women aged 27-67 years from the Glasgow monitoring coronary (MONICA) risk factor survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measured waist, weight and height, blood pressure and history of ischaemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction or angioplasty), hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and medications. RESULTS: There were 15.5% of men and 11.2% of women with ischaemic heart disease, 14.9% of men and 12.4% of women with hypertension, and 4.5% of men and 3.1% of women with diabetes mellitus. Age and smoking adjusted prevalences of these cardiovascular risks, as well as increased adiposity (waist circumference > or =102 cm in men, > or =88 cm in women or BMI > or = 30 kg m(-2)) rose with increasing clothing size. Clothing size correlated (P < 0.001) linearly with indices of adiposity. Clothing sizes which correspond to waist circumference action level 1 (94 cm in men, 80 cm in women) and action level 2 (102 cm in men, 88 cm in women) or to standardized BMI cut-offs (25 and 30 kg m(-2)) were estimated. Height has minimal influences on clothing size. Compared with men with trouser waist below 36 inches or women with UK dress size below 16, the age and smoking adjusted odds ratios for the risk of having at least one of the major health problems (ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes mellitus) were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.3) in men and 7.0 (95% CI: 2.5-19.4) in women who had trouser size > or =38 inches or UK dress size > or =18, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that men and women with large clothing size are at increased risk of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Men's trouser size equal or larger than 38 in the UK and USA or 97 in Europe and women's dress size equal or larger than 18 in the UK or 16 in the USA or 48 in Europe could be used to promote self-awareness of increased health risks by the general public.     

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠脂质过氧化作用的影响

目的 研究银杏叶提取物(EGb)抗糖尿病大鼠心肌、睾丸、脑组织脂质过氧化作用。方法 用链脲佐菌素制备SD大鼠糖尿病模型。测定EGb对糖尿病大鼠血液葡萄糖、胰岛素水平,心肌、睾丸、脑组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果 与糖尿病组相比,EGb治疗组大鼠血糖下降、胰岛素升高,心肌、睾丸、脑组织内SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量明显降低。结论 EGb能提高糖尿病大鼠组织抗氧化能力。     

The refinement of uncertainty/safety factors in risk assessment by the incorporation of data on toxicokinetic variability in humans.

The derivation of safe levels of exposure in humans for compounds that are assumed to cause threshold toxicity has relied on the application of a 100-fold uncertainty factor to a measure for the threshold, such as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the benchmark dose (BMD). This 100-fold safety factor consists of the product of two 10-fold factors allowing for human variability and interspecies differences. The International Programme on Chemical Safety has suggested the subdivision of these 10-fold factors to allow for variability in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. This subdivision allows the replacement of the default uncertainty factors with a chemical-specific adjustment factor (CSAF) when suitable data are available. This short review describes potential options to refine safety factors used in risk assessment, with particular emphasis on pathway-related uncertainty factors associated with variability in kinetics. These pathway-related factors were derived from a database that quantified interspecies differences and human variability in phase I metabolism, phase II metabolism, and renal excretion. This approach allows metabolism and pharmacokinetic data in healthy adults and subgroups of the population to be incorporated in the risk-assessment process and constitutes an intermediate approach between simple default factors and chemical-specific adjustment factors.     

Expression and activity of CYP2E1 in circulating lymphocytes are not altered in diabetic individuals

Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) plays an important role in ROS production thus favouring accelerated membrane lipid peroxidation. This isoform is strongly expressed in the liver but it can be also found in lymphocytes. As such, lymphocyte may provide a non-invasive accessible pool for screening CYP2E1 expression in man. We have, therefore, analysed CYP2E1 expression and activity in lymphocyte microsomes from 12 healthy controls, 11 type 1 and 12 type 2 diabetic subjects by using Western blot and enzymatic activities. Immunoblotting did not show difference among CYP2E1 protein bands in controls, type 1 and type 2 diabetics. To assess CYP2E1 activity we used the 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (7-EFC), as a fluorescent substrate. The rate of deethylation of 7-EFC from controls did not differ from type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. The lack of any difference in CYP2E1 activity also was confirmed by the NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation CCL4-induced assay showing similar peroxidation rates among controls and diabetic subjects. The results show that CYP2E1 expression/activity in lymphocytes is not enhanced in diabetes.