蜂胶毛胶中总黄酮、高良姜素和白杨素含量分析

目的：建立蜂胶毛胶中总黄酮以及高良姜素、白杨素含量测定方法,测定不同基原毛胶中上述各指标的含量。方法：以芦丁为对照品,采用uV法测定总黄酮含量,检测波长为415nm;用HPLC同时测定高良姜素、白杨素含量,采用Welchrom C18柱,以甲醇-0．15％磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,检测波长为268nm。结果：总黄酮在0～1．248mg线性关系良好,r=0．9999（n=6）,平均回收率为98．82％,RSD=1．45％。高良姜素、白杨素分别在0．089～0．4450,0．115～0．580μg线性关系良好,r均达到1．000,平均回收率分别为99．03％、99．32％,RSD分别为1．10％、1．72％。结论：该方法准确、可靠、简便易行,可用于蜂胶毛胶的定量分析,为蜂胶毛胶、其提取物以及蜂胶制品的质量评价和控制提供了依据。     

260例中药不良反应文献分析

目的 :对中药引起的不良反应进行统计分析 ,为临床使用中药提供参考。方法 :对 1 998～2 0 0 2年间国内主要医药期刊报道的中药不良反应2 60例进行数据收集分析。结果 :中药引起的不良反应涉及的品种较广 ,ADR发生率以注射剂最多(占 60 .4% ) ,过敏反应最为常见 (占 5 2 .7% )。结论 :加强中药ADR的宣传 ,合理使用中药 ,尽量避免或减少ADR的发生。     

Bedeutung der N- und α-Methylierung für die Affinität von Brenzcatechinaminen zu den adrenergischen Receptoren

Summary 1. N-methylation of dopamine yielding epinine means potentiation of the -adrenergic pressor action in the cat. It is only N-methylation which renders dopamine to a direct acting -sympathomimetic amine: the positive inotropic effect of epinine on the isolated electrically driven guinea pig auricle remained uninfluenced by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine, whereas the dose-response curve of dopamine was shifted to the right.The blood pressure lowering effect of epinine after phenoxybenzamine was—in contrast to that of dopamine—abolished by pronethalol.—N-methylation of noradrenaline doubled the affinity for the -receptors of the heart.2. Also by -methylation dopamine gains affinity to the adrenergic -receptors (heart and vessels): d--methyldopamine, an exclusively directly acting catecholamine, had a 40 times stronger inotropic action than dopamine on reserpinized auricles; the action of l--methyldopamine, a mainly indirectly acting amine, was only 4 times stronger than dopamine.-methylnoradrenaline, although having the same inotropic activity as noradrenaline, had a 10 times stronger depressor action than noradrenaline in the cat pretreated with phenoxybenzamine.By -methylation, the -adrenergic pressor effect of dopamine as well as that of noradrenaline was enhanced only in the range of lower doses since the dose-response curves of the -methylated compounds were generally less steep than those of the non-methylated catecholamines, indicating a lower intrinsic activity of the -methylated derivatives.3. The N- and -methylated catecholamines -methylepinine and -methyladrenaline resp. were blood pressure lowering agents per se, because both methylgroups additively enhanced the affinity to the vascular -receptors. -methylepinine was the most potent -sympathomimetic on the heart in the dopamine series (dopamine < d--methyldopamine epinine < dl--methylepinine). However, in the noradrenaline series the twofold methylated compound -methyladrenaline had the lowest positive inotropic action (d(–)-adrenaline > d(–)-noradrenaline (–)erythro--methylnoradrenaline > (–) erythro--methyladrenaline).4. From the results the following conclusions are drawn: The N- as well as the -methyl-group exerts and +I-effect on the ammonium group. Thereby, protonation will be increased which leads to an enhanced affinity of the resp. catecholamine to the adrenergic - and -receptor. Since the -CH₃ group—dependant upon its steric configuration—also causes a steric hindrance at the receptor site, the increase in affinity due to the +I-effect is partially neutralized. By that the lower intrinsic affinity of the -methylated compounds as indicated by the different slope of their pressor dose-response curves, is also readily explained. Furtheron it is intelligible why -methylation enhanced the -adrenergic activity in the less potent dopamine series (preponderance of the +I-effect), whereas it lowered the affinity to the cardiac -receptors in the noradrenaline series (preponderance of the steric hindrance).5. Although -methyladrenaline was the least potent -sympathomimetic of the noradrenaline series in the guinea pig heart, it was the most potent compound in lowering the cat's blood pressure. Therefore, it seems to be questionable whether the cardiac and the vascular -receptors and/or the mechanisms by which they induce the pharmacodynamic actions are identical.

Über einen Teil der Ergebnisse wurde auf der 7. Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen Pharmakologischen Gesellschaft in Mainz, 24.–27. April 1966, berichtet (Palm, Langeneckert u. Holtz, 1966).     

TRAF6通过内源性凋亡通路促进卡介苗诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)对卡介苗（BCG）诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的调控作用。方法 Q-PCR检测活动性结核患者外周血中TRAF6的表达后利用不同感染复数的BCG感染RAW264.7细胞,在感染的不同时间通过Q-PCR和Western blot检测巨噬细胞中Caspase 3和TRAF6的表达。时间梯度试验处理组分为5组：对照组（未感染,C）、BCG感染6 h组、12 h组、18 h组和24 h组;感染复数试验处理组分为5组：对照组（未感染,C）、5 MOI组、10 MOI组、15 MOI组和20 MOI组。随后,通过小干扰RNA技术敲减RAW264.7细胞中TRAF6的表达,并结合BCG感染建立TRAF6敲减模型。TRAF6敲减实验分为4组：阴性对照组（NC）、BCG单独感染组（BCG）、TRAF6小干扰RNA单独处理组（siRNA）和TRAF6小干扰RNA与BCG共处理组（siRNA+BCG）。利用平板涂布法检测巨噬细胞菌载量变化。通过流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位变化。利用Western blot检测TRAF6、Caspase 3、PARP、Bcl-...     

冻干重组葡激酶对正常人凝血、纤溶系统影响的研究

目的　探讨冻干重组葡激酶 (r Sak)对正常人出、凝血及纤溶系统的影响 ,为进一步临床应用提供翔实的依据。方法　健康志愿者 2 0例静脉注射不同剂量r Sak(1、2 5、5、10、15mg) ,观察临床出血情况以及动态监测用药前后BT、BPC、APTT、PT、TT、Fg、D D、PL∶A、α2 PI∶A。结果　 2 0例中 4例有轻微出血 ,以皮肤粘膜为主 ,可自行止血 ,无 1例伴内脏出血。其中 3例牙龈渗血 ,2例穿刺部位出血。 4例有D D轻微异常 ,其余以上指标皆无变化。实验显示本药为高度选择性溶栓药 ,对正常人出凝血相无改变。结论　在本试验剂量范围内 ,该药是相对安全的 ,可很好耐受 ,但用于临床的最佳剂量有待进一步临床验证     

Pricing and Reimbursement of Pharmaceuticals. A New Culture for the Community Pharmacist.

Pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals are of concern for pharmacists. Different countries have different ways of organising their health care systems. The place for pharmaceuticals within these systems also differ. This article looks into the price and reimbursement systems for medicinal products in Germany, Sweden, the UK and Norway. Various ways of organising the pharmaceutical market emerge. Some existing measures have been in place for a long time while others have been introduced more recently. A common goal for the four countries seems to be the drive to cut costs, and attempts to do this can be directed through various reimbursement systems, by focusing on prices or by influencing the physicians' prescribing behaviour, either through the use of advice or through the use of budgets. It is important for the pharmacists to have indepth knowledge of the price and reimbursement system they have to work within in order to be of full service to their customers.     

钼辅因子缺乏症1例临床及遗传学分析

目的探讨钼辅因子缺乏症的临床及遗传学特征。方法回顾分析1例确诊钼辅因子缺乏症患儿的临床资料。结果女性患儿,6月龄,生后即出现喂养困难、抽搐,并逐渐出现小头畸形、痉挛型四肢瘫等。全外显子测序发现患儿MOCS2基因存在c.473TG(p.Leu158*)和c.472_477del(p.Leu158_Lys159del)复合杂合变异,分别遗传自父亲和母亲。按照美国医学遗传学学会指南,c.473TG为致病变异,c.472_477del为可能致病变异。结论患儿被确诊为MOCS2基因杂合变异所致的钼辅因子缺乏症。     

MSCT在肝转移瘤介入治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨MSCT在HMs介入治疗中的应用价值.方法 23例HMs行介入治疗.介入治疗前先行MSCT平扫,然后行双期增强扫描及血管重建.结果 平扫发现病灶78个;增强扫描于动脉期发现病灶102个、门脉期发现病灶105个.对直径<1cm的病灶检出.动态增强扫描明显优于平扫(P<0.05).CT表现:平扫表现为类圆形低密度灶;增强扫描按强化病灶数目多少分别表现为边缘环形强化、弥漫性强化、不均匀强化、尤强化.血管重建显示情况:所有病例通过MSCTA均能显示3级以下肝动脉,与DSA完全相符.显示率达100%;对4级以上肝动脉显示14例.显示率为60.9%.门静脉显示:所有病例通过MSCTA均能显示4级以下门静脉肝内分支;DSA肝动脉造影可间接显示门静脉,但3级以下肝内分支大都显示不清.结论 MSCT动态增强扫描为较常用的影像检查手段,能提高HMs的检出率.动态增强扫描在检出率方面优于平扫,尤其在直径<1cm病灶的检出上有显著差异.通过快速的动态增强扫描能重建出高质量的肝动脉及门静脉血管像,且较DSA在诊断方面具有易操作性和非创性的优势,从而为合理制定HMs介入治疗方案提供重要的指导作用.     

Morel-Lavallée损伤诊疗进展

Morel-Lavallée(MLL)损伤是由剪切力等暴力使皮肤、皮下组织与深筋膜分离而引起的复杂的软组织闭合性撕脱损伤,疾病初期具有复杂性和隐蔽性,常因延迟诊断而导致感染、截肢、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等.目前,MLL的治疗尚无统一指南,需根据损伤情况及患者意愿综合考虑.在合并开放伤、骨折、神经血管肌腱损伤时,处理的优先顺...     

Vpr对人结肠癌细胞的抑制作用及其机制

目的 探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒1型( HIV-1)病毒蛋白r(Vpr)对人结肠癌细胞HCT-8的抑制作用及其机制.方法 将细胞分为空白对照组、空载体转染组和Vpr转染组.空白对照组:细胞不予干预;空载体转染组:对数生长期的细胞加入不同感染复数(MOI)的空载体腺病毒;Vpr转染组:加入不同MOI的含有HIV1-Vpr基因的重组腺病毒(Adv-Vpr).应用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期、细胞凋亡及线粒体膜电位,Western blot法检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达.多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用q检验;或采用双因素方差分析,组内比较采用t检验.结果 Vpr显著抑制人结肠癌细胞HCT-8增殖,Adv-Vpr转染72 h后(MOI=200),Vpr转染组细胞MTT值为1.03±0.04,与空载体转染组(2.46 +0.15)及空白对照组(2.51±0.14)比较,差异有统计学意义(F=144.6,P＜0.05);Adv-Vpr转染48 h后(MOI=200),Vpr转染组处于G2/M期的细胞比例及线粒体膜电位下降的细胞比例增加,分别为37.31％±5.90％和32.07％±5.64％,与空载体转染组(18.30％±6.04％、3.32％±0.79％)及空白对照组916.66％±3.51％、2.76％±1.43％)比较,差异有统计学意义(F=10.08,64.45,P＜0.05).Adv-Vpr转染72 h后(MOI=200),Vpr转染组细胞凋亡率为37.62％±6.48％,与空载体转染组(3.44％±1.11％)及空白对照组(2.93％±1.07％)比较,差异有统计学意义(F=122.4,P＜0.05).Adv-Vpr处理48 h后(MOI=200),Westem blot检测发现Vpr导致了Caspase-9、Caspase-3剪切为活性片段,p-Chk1-S345磷酸化增加,而Fas、Fas-L、ERK1及ERK2表达未见上调.结论 Vpr在体外能够有效抑制结肠癌细胞株HCT-8增殖,并诱导其细胞周期G2期阻滞及凋亡,其机制分别与DNA损伤信号通路激活及线粒体凋亡通路启动有关.Vpr在结肠癌的治疗中具有潜在的应用前景.