Fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of tuberculosis

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes and extranodal swellings in 160 cases showed granulomatous reaction with or without caseation necrosis in 83%. The material was acellular or predominantly composed of necrotic material, polymorphs, and lymphocytes in 17%. The age of the patient ranged from 1.5 to 72 yr. The male to female ratio was 1:1.3. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) could be demonstrated in 40.6% of cases. In cases associated with cellular reaction and necrosis. AFB positivity was 50.0%, while it was 66.7% in cases with acellular necrotic material.     

结核性淋巴结炎的组织细胞反应性增生变型

应用结核杆菌ＤＮＡ１２３ｂｐ特异性序列片段为靶序列的多聚酶链反应（Ｍ·ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ）技术、ＢＣＧ免疫组化（ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ）技术和抗酸染色（ＡＦ）方法，对３８例呈现组织细胞反应性增生－碎屑样坏死－嗜中性白细胞渗出病变的淋巴结石蜡包埋组织进行了分支杆菌／结核杆菌的回顾性检测。三种方法的综合阳性率为５２．６％（２０／３８例）。ＡＦ、ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ和Ｍ·ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ的各自阳性率分别为０．８％、２６．３％和５０％。研究结果表明：（１）在按本文标准选择的淋巴结“组织细胞反应性增生”病变中，有半数病例与结核杆菌的感染有关，即结核性淋巴结炎可呈现“组织细胞反应性增生”之类的变型；（２）ＰＣＲ技术在结核性淋巴结炎的病原学诊断上具有重要价值。     

结核分枝杆菌多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值

目的探讨结核分枝杆菌（MTB）多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值。方法选取2005年4月至2006年4月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院诊断为结核病的住院患儿作为结核病组。选取同期住院，患感染性疾病，同时除外结核病的患儿作为非结核病组；选取体检纯化蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验阳性，既往无结核病史，无明显结核中毒症状，胸部影像学及腹部B超检查未见结核病灶的儿童作为结核感染组；选取同期行健康体检，卡疤试验阳性，无基础疾病，无结核接触史的儿童为健康对照组。各组留取血清标本。计算结核病组PPD试验阳性率及细菌学检查阳性率。应用MTB多抗原蛋白芯片同时检测标本中脂阿拉伯甘露糖（LAM）、相对分子质量16000和38000蛋白IgG抗体，通过蛋白芯片阅读仪判断结果，其中任意1种或1种以上抗体检测阳性，即判为蛋白芯片检测阳性。分别计算各组抗体检测阳性率，并计算该方法检测儿童结核病的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值等指标。应用Logistic回归及，检验分析蛋白芯片检测阳性率与患儿年龄、病程、抗结核治疗时间、激素使用以及结核病类型的关系。结果研究期间共纳入结核病组79例，非结核病组33例，结核感染组15例，健康对照组30例。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的阳性率为34．2％（27／79），低于PPD试验阳性率（84．8％，67／79），高于细菌学检查阳性率（12．7％，10／79）。在非结核病组阳性率为6．1％（2／33），结核感染组和健康对照组阳性率为0。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的灵敏度为34．2％，特异度为97．4％。阳性预测值93．1％，阴性预测值58．5％。Logistic回归发现蛋白芯片检测阳性率仅与病程相关，且随病程延长而阳性率升高。病程〈1个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为18．8％（6／32），病程在～3个月，蛋?     

Toll-like receptor 9 contributes to recognition of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin by Flt3-ligand generated dendritic cells

Recognition of mycobacteria by the innate immune system is essential for the development of an adaptive immune response. Mycobacterial antigens stimulate antigen presenting cells (APCs) through distinct Toll-like receptors (TLRs) resulting in rapid activation of the innate immune system. The role of TLRs during infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been evaluated for TLR2 and TLR4 only. Surprisingly, despite the fact that immune stimulatory CpG-motifs have been originally derived from BCG, for the vaccine strain the role of TLR9 has not been addressed before. To identify the set of TLRs involved in the recognition of BCG, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (Flt3-ligand generated DCs) from TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88 knockout, TLR2/4 and TLR2/4/9 multiple knockout mice. The degree of activation and stimulation was determined by TNFα, IL-6 and IL-12p40 ELISA. Activation of DCs was measured by surface expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. We observed the most dramatic reduction of the inflammatory response for TLR2-deficient antigen presenting cells. Both macrophages and DCs produce markedly decreased amounts of TNFα and IL-6 in the absence of TLR2 whereas no significant reduction could be observed for TLR3, 4, 7, 9 single TLR-knockouts. However, IL-12 production in DCs appears not exclusively dependent on TLR2 and only in TLR2/4/9-deficient DCs BCG-induced IL-12 is reduced to background levels. Similarly, up-regulation of CD86 is abolished only in TLR2/4/9-deficient DCs supporting a role of TLR9 in the recognition of M. bovis BCG by murine dendritic cells.     

Inter-laboratory validation of PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues

The present study is based on the initiative for quality assurance in pathology of the German Society of Pathology and the Professional Association of German Pathologists. Four panel laboratories with experience and expertise in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were selected to establish the prerequisites for continuous external laboratory trials, in particular, by providing pre-tested specimens and evaluation criteria for participating institutes. In the first step, the four panel laboratories performed an internal trial to test their own reliability and reproducibility. Paraffin sections and DNA preparations from 34 tissues (25 clinical specimens and 9 controls) totalling to 66 samples were evaluated by each panel institute according to their own protocols. The methodologies differed and are described in detail. Despite these differences, a high degree of inter-laboratory reliability was achieved. In this report, we summarise our results including the correlation with the histology and provide recommendations for applying PCR-based methodology for the detection of mycobacterial DNA in surgical specimens. Supplementary data are available online at (rubric Forschung). Pre-tested specimens are now available for the external trial and can be ordered from the steering institute via Oligene (). All molecular pathology laboratories are invited to participate in this quality assurance initiative.     

贵州省肺结核病医疗保障现状调查分析

目的 调查贵州省结核病（TB）定点医院肺结核诊疗费用在不同医疗保障政策中的报销情况,为贵州省进一步完善TB医疗保障政策提供依据。方法 采用统一设计的调查表,对贵州省97家TB定点医院2020年肺结核诊疗费用在四种不同医疗保障政策中的报销情况进行调查,分析起付线、报销比例、封顶额等。结果 全省97家TB定点医院,门诊实施单病种包干政策的比例为38.14%（37/97）;在城镇居民基本医疗保险(URBMI)、新型农村合作医疗保险（UCMS）、城乡居民基本医疗保险（城乡居）和城镇职工基本医疗保险(UEBMI)四种医疗保障政策中,门诊报销比例依次为92.86%（26/28）、100%（28/28）、81.16%（56/69）、36.08%（35/97）;门诊报销比例中位数依次为50%（P25:50%,P75:57.50%）、55%（P25:50%,P75:100%）、75%（P25:45%,P75:100%）、0（P25:0,P75:72.50%）;URBMI、UCMS、城乡居住院报销比例的中位数均为80%（P25:75%,P75:80%）,UEBMI为85%（P25:80%,P75:90%）。医疗救助覆盖率为50.56%。结论 贵州省目前的医疗保险体系对TB的医疗费用保障水平相对有限,基本医疗保障政策对肺结核门诊诊疗费用报销覆盖面较窄,报销比例和封顶额相对较低,肺结核患者的经济负担仍较重,建议将TB纳入门诊统筹病种,切实提高TB患者医疗保障水平。     

2011—2020年重庆市结核病防治经费投入与效益产出分析

目的 评估重庆市2011—2020年结核病防治经费投入产生的社会效益。方法 收集《传染病监测系统》中2011—2020年重庆市登记涂阳肺结核患者（初治涂阳和复治涂阳）治疗转归情况和肺结核患者劳动人口比例,历年各级政府结核病防治经费投入,历年全市人均国内生产总值（gross domestic product,GDP）等数据,采用常用卫生经济学方法评估10年间结核病防治经费投入的社会效果、社会效用和社会效益。结果 2011—2020年,全市共投入结核病防治经费约3.60亿元,成功治疗涂阳肺结核患者60 924例,避免45.69万名健康人受传染,挽救43.41万个伤残调整生命年（disability adjusted life year,DALY）,为社会节约医疗费用3.26亿元,挽回社会经济损失约176.25亿。保持目前的设施设备和人员条件不变,每投入787.70元即可避免1名健康人被传染,每投入829.16元即可挽救1个DALY,每额外投入1元即可产生49.87元的经济效益。结论 10年间重庆市结核病防治经费投入产生了较大的卫生经济效益,建议各级政府继续加大结核病防治经费投入。     

化疗联合乌体林斯治疗复治性肺结核30例短期疗效分析

目的：观察和分析乌体林斯在复治性肺结核治疗中疗效,促进结核病早期愈合,方法：采用随机分组法,将60例复治性肺结核分为乌体林斯治疗组（A组30例）和对照组（B组30例）,A组HLZE＋乌体林斯治疗3个月,B组HLZE治疗3个月,结果：治疗3个月后,A组痰涂片阳转阴率53％,痰菌培养阳转阴率56％,B组痰涂片阳转阴率21％,痰菌培养阳性阴率17％,痰菌转阴率A组显著高于B组。（P＜0．05）,A组X线病灶吸收率60％,B组病灶吸收率30％,A组显著高于B组（P＜0．05）,结论：乌体林斯能增强复治性肺结核患者抗痨药物的效果,有助于痰菌阴转,病灶吸收好转,疗效明显高于单用抗痨药物的患者。     

肺结核合并糖尿病36例临床分析

目的 :探讨糖尿病对肺结核抗痨疗效的影响。方法 :通过对 36例肺结核患者糖尿病疗效的观察 ,分析肺结核患者病灶、空洞和痰菌变化情况。结果 :在 2 9例糖尿病好转患者中 ,肺结核病灶吸收好转率、空洞缩小或关闭率、痰菌阴转率分别为 96.6%、93 .8%、92 .9% ;7例糖尿病恶化 ,其病灶好转吸收率仅为 14.3% ,无 1例空洞缩小或关闭 ,痰菌持续阳性 ,2例死亡。两组病灶吸收率及痰菌阴转率经统计分析有显著性差异 ( p <0 .0 1)。 结论 :糖尿病与肺结核互有不利影响 ,糖尿病治疗结果对肺结核患者预后有重要影响。因此 ,建议对所有肺结核及糖尿病患者常规进行血糖和胸部x线检查。     

纤维支气管镜检查确诊的气管、支气管结核41例分析

目的：通过分析纤维支气管镜下气管,支气管结核的表现,引起临床医生对此病的重视,提高诊断率,避免误诊和漏诊。方法：采用Olympus纤维支气管镜对气管,支气管进行常规检查,根据需要进行活检,刷检和灌洗。结果：41例中33例经活检,刷检和灌洗证实为结核,8例经抗结核治疗后病变吸收证实为结核。结论：纤维支气管镜检查及活检是目前诊断本病的重要方法。