Changing concepts concerning the management of vesicoureteral reflux

PURPOSE: Conservative estimates indicate that up to 54% of patients who present with vesicoureteral reflux have dysfunction voiding. Children with voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux historically have a high breakthrough infection rate of 34% to 43%. Breakthrough infection represents significant morbidity and it is the most common indication for surgical intervention for vesicoureteral reflux. Voiding dysfunction is present in 79% of patients who proceed to reflux surgery. We evaluated the impact of pelvic floor muscle retraining combined with a medical program in patients with voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with a history consistent with voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux were screened by uroflowmetry/electromyography, bladder scan for post-void residual urine, renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography. Confirmed cases of voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux were prospectively enrolled in this study. Children participated in an interactive, computer assisted, pelvic floor muscle retraining program that involved a conservative medical regimen and pelvic floor muscle retraining. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics. We evaluated the rate of breakthrough urinary tract infection, reflux outcome and surgical intervention. A literature review with the key words vesicoureteral reflux, voiding dysfunction and urinary tract infection was performed to identify historical control cases for comparison. RESULTS: Study enrollment criteria were fulfilled by 49 girls and 4 boys 4 to 13 years old (average age 8.8), representing 72 units with low grades I to II (48) and high grades III to V (24) reflux. Mean followup was 24 months. Initial uroflowmetry/electromyography and bladder scan revealed a staccato flow pattern and normal post-void residual urine in 11% of cases, staccato flow pattern and elevated post-void residual urine in 10%, flattened flow pattern and normal post-void residual urine in 28%, and flattened flow pattern and elevated post-void residual urine in 51%. Breakthrough infection developed in 5 patients (10%), including 1 in whom reflux had resolved and 1 with grade I reflux who underwent observation. The parents of 2 patients elected to complete biofeedback without surgical intervention and these patients did not have a repeat infection. Reimplantation was performed in 1 case (2%). There was resolution in 18 low and 7 high grade refluxing units, including 2 older patients with a long history of high grade bilateral disease. Average time to resolution was 7.8 months. We noted elevated post-void residual urine in 88% of the patients with high grade reflux. Average age at resolution was 9.2 years. During a 24-month period one of us (P. H. M.) noted a greater than 90% decrease in surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A combined conservative medical and computer game assisted pelvic floor muscle retraining program appears to have decreased the incidence of breakthrough urinary tract infections and facilitated reflux resolution in children with voiding dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux. Patients with high grade reflux and voiding dysfunction commonly present with elevated post-void residual urine, contraindicating the indiscriminate administration of anticholinergics. Decreasing the rate of urinary tract infections may have a dramatic impact on the need for surgical intervention and enable the reflux resolution rate to approximate that in patients without voiding dysfunction. Prospective controlled trials are needed to determine whether pelvic floor muscle retraining combined with a conservative medical regimen alters the natural history of vesicoureteral reflux in patients with voiding dysfunction.     

Recognition of bladder instability on voiding cystourethrography in infants with urinary tract infection

PURPOSE: We evaluate voiding cystourethrography as a method for identifying bladder instability in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cystometry was combined with voiding cystourethrography in 79 male and 64 female infants with first time urinary tract infection. Bladder wall irregularity, elongation of bladder shape, and filling of the posterior urethra were transient radiological signs occurring during bladder filling and were considered to reflect bladder instability. A pediatric radiologist looked for these signs on all 480 films exposed during bladder filling. The results were correlated to simultaneous detrusor pressure recordings. The analysis was repeated independently by a urologist to evaluate the reliability of the radiological signs used. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity were both 90% in the evaluation of radiological signs of bladder instability. Filling of the posterior urethra was the least frequently reported radiological sign, which was seen at 53% of unstable contractions. However, when this sign was reported, instability was usually correctly detected (85%). Evaluation accuracy had improved with increasing numbers of noted signs per film. This accuracy had included 29%, 67% and 91% of unstable contractions that were correctly diagnosed when 1, 2 or 3 signs were noted, respectively. The number of noted signs was positively related to the strength of the unstable detrusor contraction. Urologist evaluations had similar results to the radiologist, although the sensitivity was somewhat lower (79% and 90%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Unstable detrusor contractions could be identified in infants by evaluation of radiological signs on voiding cystourethrography. Findings of bladder wall irregularity, elongation of bladder shape and filling of the posterior urethra indicated unstable detrusor contraction. The more such findings are observed, the stronger the indication.     

孕妇B族溶血性链球菌带菌与母婴预后的关系

目的 调查孕妇Ｂ族溶血性链球菌（ＧＢＳ）带菌率。探讨ＧＢＳ带菌与产科不良妊娠结局的关系。方法 对１０３９便孕妇于不同时期孕２０周前;孕２０－２８周：孕３４周以后）的阴道分泌物及产时标本（新生儿咽、耳、脐、胎盘、母血）,用３％ＴＨ肉汤选择性增菌培养基进行ＧＢＳ培养。结果 （１）１０３９例孕妇中ＧＢＳ带菌率１１．０７？％。筛查３次的ＧＢＳ阳性率为２９．７３％,显著高于筛查２次者（１５．５０％,Ｐ〈０．     

新生儿B组链球菌感染传播途径的研究

目的 确定新生儿Ｂ组链球菌（ＧＢＳ）感染的传播途径和随机引物扩增多态性（ＲＡＰＤ）分型方法的应用价值。方法 采用血清学、核酸杂交和ＰＡＲＤ方法对２例诊断为早发型ＧＢＳ肺炎和晚发型ＧＢＳ脑膜炎患儿体内分离的５株ＧＢＳ和其母阴道分离的２株ＧＢＳ菌株作母婴配对分析,对８８株孕妇生殖道携带ＧＢＳ进行ＲＡＰＤ分型研究。结果 １例早发型ＧＢＳ肺炎母婴配对ＧＢＳ血清型均为ＩＩＬ／Ｒ型致病,毒力因子基因片段大小」     

Undernutrition and childhood infections: a prospective study of childhood infections in relation to growth in the Sudan

The relationships between both diarrhoea and respiratory infections and linear and ponderal growth were prospectively examined among 28 753 Sudanese pre-school children. Childhood infections were significantly and inversely associated with attained height and attained weight and gain in height and weight over a 6-mo period. They were significantly and positively associated also with stunting after adjusting for age, gender, socio-economic status, dietary variables and previous morbidity. Attained height was on average 17 mm lower (95% CI [-19 -15]) for children with diarrhoea and 11 mm lower (95% CI [-3 -9]) for children with complicated cough than for those without these symptoms. The association between morbidity and attained weight was significant for diarrhoea and complicated cough, but the differences between children with and without symptoms were negligible. The risk of being stunted 6 mo later was 1.38 times (95% CI [1.20 1.59]), 1.29 times (95% CI [0.97 1.72]) and 1.32 times (95% CI [1.13 1.54]) greater among normally-nourished children with diarrhoea, febrile diarrhoea and fever, respectively, than among children without these symptoms. The difference in attained height between children with diarrhoea or complicated cough and those without symptoms increased with age, and was larger among the non-breastfed children compared with breastfed children. CONCLUSION: The results underline the need to reduce child morbidity to prevent the impairment of growth and development.     

晚发型新生儿败血症院内感染和社区感染的病原菌对比与分析

目的 晚发型败血症是新生儿期常见的感染性疾病,也是新生儿死亡的常见原因之一.新生儿一旦感染,病情可以迅速恶化,故早期有效的抗菌素治疗至关重要.该研究的目的 就是通过回顾性地分析晚发型新生儿败血症(LONS)的病原菌及其药敏,以指导临床早期对可疑LONS患儿合理用药.方法 对2002年1月1日至2005年12月31日温州医学院附属育英儿童医院NICU收住的具有临床表现以及至少一次血培养阳性的LONS临床特点、药敏进行回顾性分析.结果 102例LONS多通过皮肤、消化道、呼吸道等途径感染,临床表现无特异性.其中院内感染22例,社区感染80例,院内感染组与社区感染组比较,患儿胎龄小,体重轻,发病早(t=2.255、P＜0.01,t=8.818、P＜0.01,t=7.581、P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.两组患儿血培养共检出110株病原菌,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)居首(50/103,48.5%),其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌(16/103,15.5%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9/103,8.7%).社区感染主要病原菌为葡萄球菌属和大肠埃希菌,院内感染则为肺炎克雷伯菌.大部分(＞80%)的葡萄球菌尤其是CNS对青霉素类、红霉素及头孢唑啉耐药,MRSA达66.7%(6/9),但对万古霉素未发现耐药,大部分对利福平亦敏感.几乎所有(15/16)的ESBLS肺炎克雷伯菌具多重耐药性,仅对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类以及喹诺酮类等少数抗菌药物敏感.发现1例对万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌,然而,未发现B组链球菌感染的病例.结论 LONS临床表现非特异性,B组链球菌不是温州地区社区感染LONS的主要致病菌.由于医院和社区抗菌素的滥用,出现越来越多的多重耐药菌.对于可疑败血症患者应常规进行血培养以确定病原菌,并根据最可能的病原菌选用相关抗生素.为减少多重耐药菌感染的发生,应尽量减少第三代头孢菌素的使用.     

先天性无症状性巨细胞病毒感染对婴儿期发育的影响

目的 通过对先天性无症状性巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染的新生儿进行系统随访,观察其听力学、体格发育、智能发育、行为发育等多方面的改变,探讨先天性无症状性HCMV感染对婴儿期发育的影响.方法 按照1998年宜昌会议通过的<巨细胞病毒感染诊断方案>标准及美国Fowler标准确定先天性无症状性巨细胞病毒感染.2003年7月至2005年7月符合人选条件感染病例41例,对照组21例.进行静脉血荧光定量PCR(FQ-PcR)检测确定HCMV感染.感染组与对照组于新生儿期、3月龄、6月龄、1岁分别进行新生儿20项行为神经检查(NBNA)、听力学检查包括耳声发射听力检查(OAE)、听力脑干诱发电位检查(ABR)、Bayley婴幼儿发育量表评估发育智商、52项运动神经检查(Amid-Tison法)和体格发育检查、一般状况检查.结果 (1)两组新生儿12～14 d时加项NBNA得分分别为38.8±2.75和38.5±2.29,差异无统计学意义(t=0.98,P＞0.05).(2)ABR检查:感染组中23例做ABR检查者V波阈值升高异常率为15.2%;对照组21例未发现V波阈值升高,差异有统计学意义,所有病例均通过OAE检查.(3)感染组中38例1岁时行Bayley婴幼儿发育量表检查智力发育指数(MDI)及精神运动发育指数(PDI)分别为106.86±10.24和108.45±18.25,与对照组2l例(107.49±19.31和107.19±10.98)差异亦无统计学意义(t=0.33,P＞0.05,t=0.35,P＞0.05).(4)52项运动神经发育:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.02,P＞0.05).结论 (1)先天性无症状HCMV感染在婴儿期即可出现脑干听性反应V波阈值升高,而OAE听力筛查未能检出异常.(2)先天性无症状性HCMV感染对新生儿期行为神经、婴儿期智力、婴儿期神经运动发育无明显影响.     

Prevalence of allergic symptoms among children with diabetes mellitus type 1 of different socioeconomic status

Abstract:  The aim of the study was to assess the possible associations between allergies and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), stratified by social class. We studied 127 children with DM1 with a median age of 10.8 yr and 150 controls of comparable age and sex distribution. The parents completed questionnaires on their education and occupation and on their children's history of allergic symptoms, breast-feeding, viral infections, and measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination. Lower family's social class was more frequently encountered among the DM1 families than in the controls (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.92). The occurrence of any allergic symptoms among children with DM1 (35.45%) was not significantly different from the controls (38.78%), neither in the total group (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.52–1.45) nor in the stratified analysis by social class. Similar findings were observed regarding the different types of allergic symptoms. In the univariate analysis, breast-feeding, the experience of viral infections, and MMR vaccination were found to be protective of DM1 presentation in both upper and lower social classes. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the experience of more than 2 infections/yr (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04–0.34), the origin from middle and upper social classes (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22–0.80) and breast-feeding (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31–1.07) were protective of DM1 occurrence. In children with DM1, the presence of allergic symptoms was not associated with the development of DM1. Among the environmental factors, the origin from middle or upper social classes, breast-feeding, the experience of viral infections, and MMR vaccination were found to have a protective effect on DM1 presentation.     

福州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染与人类冠状病毒NL63

目的 探讨福州地区小儿急性呼吸道感染是否与人类冠状病毒NL63(HCoV-NL63)相关. 方法 收集211份急性呼吸道感染(ARTI)患儿鼻咽分泌物,RT-PCR法对HCoV-NL63 1b基因进行筛查,阳性者再对Hcov-NL63 1a基因进行扩增并与GenBank中相关序列进行比较. 结果 HCoV-NL63 1b基因阳性标本3份(1.4%),用HCoV-NL63 1a基因扩增也得到阳性结果,PCR产物测序后与基因库中多株HCoV-NL63 Ia基因比较.同源性98%～99%. 结论 福州地区部分儿童急性呼吸道感染与HCoV-NL63有关.