巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗抗瘤作用的实验研究

目的：探究巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗的细胞形态与表型特征,并观察其CTL反应的诱导效果。方法：分别采用透射与扫描电子显微镜、免疫荧光染色及流式细胞术等技术对巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗的超微结构及CD14、CD68、CD80、CD86、MHCⅡ等分子进行测定。采用生长状态良好的H22肿瘤细胞移植于接种不同肿瘤疫苗的实验小鼠,分别采用直接测量法、MTT法及比色法测定瘤重量、瘤体积、肿瘤细胞杀伤率和培养上清液LDH活性。结果：巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗细胞表面有许多的伪足皱褶、囊泡,胞浆内有大量大小不一、形态不规则的吞噬体；CD14、CD68、CD80、CD86及MHCⅡ的阳性细胞率分别为53.90%、98.60%、26.50%、90.20%和25.40%。小鼠体内实验结果显示,巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗接种组的肿瘤形成率、瘤体积与瘤重量明显低于对照组和石蜡诱生的巨噬细胞接种组（P均〈0.05）；巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗接种组的成瘤率与灭活肿瘤细胞接种组无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但瘤体积与瘤重量明显低于灭活肿瘤细胞接种组（P均〈0.05）。另外,巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗接种组的淋巴细胞自体肿瘤细胞杀伤率和培养上清液LDH活性分别高于对照组、灭活肿瘤细胞接种组和石蜡诱生的巨噬细胞接种组。结论：巨噬细胞肿瘤疫苗具备巨噬细胞的典型特征,该种细胞接种后可诱导机体产生特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应。     

IL-15真核表达质粒的构建及对乙肝疫苗诱导的体液免疫应答的影响

目的 研究两种不同的IL-15真核表达质粒对乙肝蛋白疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响。方法：构建IL-15真核表达质粒(简称pIL-15)和含有IL-12信号肽的IL-15真核表达质粒(简称pIL-2s-15)，CTLL-2细胞增殖实验验证两种质粒真核表达产物的生物学活性。将这两种质粒分别与HBsAg共免疫BALB／C小鼠，用ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗-HBs IgG及IgGl、IgG2a亚类的效价。结果：与HBsAg蛋白疫苗共免疫时，pIL-15可使HBsAg诱导的抗-HBsIgG效价升高，显著高于载体pcDNA3．1与HB—sAg共免疫对照组，pIL-2s-15对HBsAg诱导抗-HBsIgC效价没有明显影响。与HBsAg pcDNA3．1组相比，HBsAg pIL-2s-15组和HBsAg pIL-15组诱生的抗HBsIgG2a亚类均升高，但前者IgG2a／IgG1比值最高，与HBsAg pcDNA3．1组相比差别有显著性；HBsAg pIL-15组IgG2a／IgG1比值与HBsAg pcDNA3．1组相比差别无显著性。结论 pIL-15真核表达质粒可增强蛋白疫苗诱导的体液免疫应答，pIL-2s-15真核表达质粒则主要使免疫应答趋向Th1型。     

Protective efficacy in chickens, geese and ducks of an H5N1-inactivated vaccine developed by reverse genetics

We generated a high-growth H5N1/PR8 virus by plasmid-based reverse genetics. The virulence associated multiple basic amino acids of the HA gene were removed, and the resulting virus is attenuated for chickens and chicken eggs. A formalin-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine was prepared from this virus. When SPF chickens were inoculated with 0.3 ml of the vaccine, the hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) antibody became detectable at 1 week post-vaccination (p.v.) and reached a peak of 10log2 at 6 weeks p.v. then slowly declined to 4log2 at 43 weeks p.v. Challenge studies performed at 2, 3 and 43 weeks p.v. indicated that all of the chickens were completely protected from disease signs and death. Ducks and geese were completely protected from highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenge 3 weeks p.v. The duration of protective immunity in ducks and geese was investigated by detecting the HI antibody of the field vaccinated birds, and the results indicated that 3 doses of the vaccine inoculation in geese could induce a 34 weeks protection, while 2 doses induced more than 52 weeks protection in ducks. We first reported that an oil-emulsion inactivated vaccine derived from a high-growth H5N1 vaccine induced approximately 10 months of protective immunity in chickens and demonstrated that the oil-emulsion inactivated avian influenza vaccine is immunogenic for geese and ducks. These results provide useful information for the application of vaccines to the control of H5N1 avian influenza in poultry, including chickens and domestic waterfowl.     

Genetic Vaccination of Mice with Plasmids Encoding the NS1 Non-structural Protein from Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus and Dengue 2 Virus

Although there is a safe, inexpensive and efficacious vaccine against yellow fever, vaccination against other flavivirus diseases is less successful. There is no licensed vaccine against dengue fever and current vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Japanese encephalitis are expensive and require several injections. Furthermore novel vaccines containing only virus envelope proteins may raise fears over antibody mediated enhancement (ADE) of disease. Here we report the successful use of genetic vaccination against TBE in an experimental animal model using a plasmid containing the coding sequence of a non-structural protein (NS1). Such vaccines would provide inexpensive protection against disease, without raising concerns over inducing ADE on subsequent exposure to heterotypic infectious virus. Attempts to generate chaemeric plasmids to protect against both TBE and dengue fever were less successful. Although these chaemeric plasmids directed the synthesis and secretion of the virus NS1 protein normally, no protection was observed against either TBE or dengue fever.     

结核分枝杆菌Ag85B基因疫苗免疫保护作用的初步研究

目的:研究编码结核分枝杆菌分泌蛋白Ag85B的基因疫苗pTB30m和pTB30s对免疫动物的保护作用。方法:以基因疫苗pTB30m和pTB30s肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠。免疫完成6 wk后,用5×105 CFU的MTB H37Rv毒株经小鼠尾静脉攻击感染。同时用尼龙毛柱分离基因免疫BALB/c小鼠的T细胞,并以5×106 T细胞/只小鼠过继免疫正常BALB/c小鼠,立即用105 CFU的MTB毒株经小鼠尾静脉攻击感染。4 wk后分别计数脾脏中的细菌负荷。结果:与生理盐水对照组相比较,pTB30m及pTB30s质粒免疫组BALB/c小鼠脾脏中的细菌负荷均减少,分别为0.645(log10 CFU,P<0.01)和0.839(log10CFU,P<0.001);而空质粒对照组小鼠脾脏中的细菌负荷减少较少。经质粒pTB30m和pTB30s免疫的BALB/c小鼠的T细胞,过继免疫的正常BALB/c小鼠,对攻击感染的MTB H37Rv毒株在脾脏中的增殖具有部分抑制作用。结论:pTB30s免疫的BALB/c小鼠,对MTB H37 Rv毒株攻击的保护作用优于pTB30m质粒免疫,有望进一步用于结核病的防治研究。     

Decreased cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity, directed against virus-infected tissue culture cells, was studied with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 12 matched, normal subjects in a 51Cr release assay. Baseline (preimmunization) levels of cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza A/Victoria, influenza B/Hong Kong, Newcastle disease virus, and herpes simplex virus were significantly decreased in patients with SLE compared to normal subjects (P less than 0.001), although serum antibody levels to the respective viruses were similar in both groups. After intramuscular administration of inactivated influenza A/Victoria vaccine, SLE patients failed to generate elevated levels of cytotoxicity against A/Victoria-infected cells, in contrast to normal subjects. SLE patients responded with levels of serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibody which were similar to those of normal subjects. Thus, SLE patients manifest decreased cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells, although humoral antibody responses appeared to be intact. Studies of SLE patients with influenza may help to define the role of cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of certain viral infections.     

Single dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Rationale and clinical assessment of the safety and immunogenicity

In comparison with the classical immunisation schedules (0-1-6 or 0-1-12 months) for hepatitis A, a 0- and 12- or a 0- and 6-month schedule would have important advantages by reducing the number of injections and discomfort and increasing scheduling convenience and patient compliance. It would be convenient if a single dose with enough antigen could protect both rapidly and for at least 12 months, when the booster dose would be given. Several clinical trials have been carried out with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine containing 1,440 ELU. (1 ml), according to a 0–12 and a 0–6 vaccination schedule. This hepatitis A vaccine is safe and well tolerated. It offers a rapid seroresponse: 14 days after a single dose the seroconversion is 88% (95% C.I.: 84.6–90.9). The 0–12 schedule study showed good persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies with a seroconversion rate of almost 95% at month 12. Booster doses given at 6 or 12 months result in a substantial rise in antibody levels; according to these antibody litres, the 1,440 EL. U. vaccine can be expected to confer comparable duration of protection as the 720 EL. U. vaccine, i.e., 10–20 years. Preliminary data show that tinning of the booster may not be critical for the antibody response. In conclusion, the 1,440 EL. U. hepatitis A vaccine is safe, offers rapid seroconversion, and is highly immunogenic. The persistence of HAV antibodies until month 12 allows a certain flexibility in the administration of the booster: month 6 or 12, and a 0–12 or 0–6 schedule can increase the vaccination compliance. copy; 1994 Wiiey-Liss, inc.     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒活疫苗株SA14-14-2基因稳定性研究

目的 通过研究流行性乙型脑炎活疫苗减毒株基因稳定性，从分子水平证实流行性乙型脑炎活疫苗的遗传稳定性。方法分析流行性乙型脑炎活疫苗主种子、工作种子及其相应的疫苗病毒E蛋白基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列，并与其强毒株和基因库中乙脑病毒减毒株(AF15119)比较。结果乙脑活疫苗主种子、工作种子及其相应的疫苗病毒的E蛋白基因核苷酸序列完全相同。这些病毒E蛋白的氨基酸序列与基因库中乙脑病毒弱毒株(AF315119)比较显示第E447位点氨基酸有差异。结论乙脑病毒活疫苗减毒株遗传学特性稳定。     

EIAV减毒疫苗诱导马外周血单个核细胞Th1型细胞因子的转录

目的：探讨马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞减毒疫苗免疫马后,外周血单个核细胞中Th1型细胞因子转录水平与免疫保护应答的关系,揭示DLV的免疫保护机制。方法：应用分子克隆及实时定量RT-PCR技术,建立了马PBMC中IFNγ-、IL-2、IL-12 mRNA转录水平的定量检测方法,定期观察4组（疫苗免疫组、阴性对照组、强毒株阳性对照组、自然感染组）12匹马外周血PBMC中细胞因子的转录水平及分布特征,同时监测体温变化等指标。疫苗株免疫动物8个月后,用EIAV强毒株攻击,观察攻击前后细胞因子转录水平的变化。结果：DLV免疫马,在免疫后3周外周血PBMC中IFN-γ、IL-2转录量显著高于阴性对照组及自然感染组（P〈0.01）;免疫后用EIAV强毒株攻击,IFNγ-、IL-2和IL-12转录的量明显升高,免疫马获得完全保护;强毒株攻击阳性对照马IFN-γ、IL-2转录量随疾病进展波动,发热期下降。结论：本研究首次证明EIAV减毒疫苗可诱导马外周血PBMC中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12基因高效转录,其转录水平与DLV的免疫保护密切相关,此结果在分子水平为阐明DLV的免疫保护机制提供了新的实验依据。     

树突状细胞负载肝癌抗原肽疫苗体外诱导特异性免疫学反应的研究

目的：研究树突状细胞(dendritic cell，DC)负载肝癌抗原肽EPVTKAEML体外诱导特异性CTL的能力及其抑癌效果。方法：用顺序特异引物聚合酶链反应技术(PCR—SSP)选择HLA—B7表型供者，从脾组织中分离、培养DC-EPVTKAEML特异性CTL。用^51Cr释放法检测CTL的杀伤活性，并用抗HLA-1分子单抗(mAb)进行杀伤抑制实验。结果：找到4例HLA-B7杂合子供者，用DC负载HLA-B7限制的抗原肽EPVTKAEML可诱导特异性CTL反应，对肝癌细胞HHCC有较强的杀伤作用。结论：DC负载抗原肽EPVTKAEML在体外可诱发较强的特异性免疫反应。