电穿孔增强核酸疫苗免疫反应的研究进展

核酸疫苗自诞生以来在肿瘤、感染性疾病和自身免疫性疾病等方面显示出其独特的优越性。目前,研究如何增强核酸疫苗的免疫原性是一大热点,在众多方法中,电穿孔通过增加细胞对DNA的摄取,使表达的目的抗原增多,从而明显地增强了核酸疫苗诱导的免疫反应。就电穿孔技术在核酸疫苗研究领域的应用作一综述。     

塞姆利基森林病毒翻译增强序列对HIV Gag DNA疫苗抗原表达和免疫原性的调节

目的 研究塞姆利基森林病毒（Semliki forest virus，SFV）衣壳蛋白5’翻译增强区对基于该病毒复制子的HIV Gag DNA疫苗抗原表达水平和免疫原性的影响：方法将SFV衣壳蛋白（capsid，C蛋白）基因的5’端102bp翻译增强区插入到SFT复制子DNA疫苗载体pCMV-Rep的SFV亚基因启动子下游，得到DNA疫苗载体pCMV-RepC。将删除ATG的HIV-1 gag基因插入pCMV-RepC，使gag编码区与翻详增强区融合，得到DNA疫苗质粒pCMV-RepC-gag。同时，构建携带未融合翻译增强序列的DNA疫苗质粒pCMV-Rep-gag。Western blot检测翻译增强序列对Gag表达水平的影响。用上述两种DNA疫苗分别免疫BALB／c雌性小鼠，ELISA检测Gag特片的抗体反应，ELISPOT和细胞内因子染色技术检测细胞免疫应答。结果衣壳蛋白5’翻译增强区增强了Gag表达水平，对体液免疫应答没有显著影响，但显著增强了特异性细胞免疫应答水平。结论SFVC蛋白翻译增强区能显著提高SFV复制子DNA疫苗的抗原表达和抗原特异性细胞免疫反心。     

Risk factors in HIV-1-infected patients developing repetitive bacterial infections: toxicological,clinical, specific antibody class responses,opsonophagocytosis and Fc(gamma) RIIa polymorphism characteristics

The aim of the study was to determine possible factors related to the risk of developing recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections in HIV-1-infected patients, regardless of the degree of immune cellular impairment. Thirty-three HIV-1 seropositive patients with previous repetitive bacterial respiratory tract infections (case group), 33 HIV-1 seropositive controls (matched by CD4-cell counts) without these antecedents and 27 healthy controls were studied before and after administration of pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Clinical or toxicological variables, cutaneous tests, complement factors, beta2-microglobulin, serum IgM, IgA, IgG and subclasses, specific antibodies (IgG, IgG2, IgA) against pneumococcal vaccine and polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP), their avidity, opsonophagocytosis and IgG(2)m and Fc(gamma)RIIa allotypes were determined. A history of drug abuse (P = 0.001), less likelihood of receiving high activity antiretroviral treatment high activity antiretroviral treatment (HAART) (P = 0.01), higher levels of HIV-1 viral load (P < 0.05), serum IgG (P < 0.01) and beta2-microglobulin (P < 0.01) were observed in the case group. Also, a lower increase in specific antibodies to pneumococcal vaccine and PRP was demonstrated in the cases in comparison with the two control groups. No differences were observed in the avidity of antibodies, opsonophagocytic capacity or IgG(2)m and Fc(gamma)RIIa allotypes between the three groups. These data indicate that vaccination strategies against encapsulated bacteria can be unsuccessful in the HIV-1-infected patients presenting repetitive bacterial respiratory tract infections if behavioural aspects or measures to improve adherence to HAART therapies are not considered.     

乙肝疫苗免疫失败儿童病毒S基因"a"决定簇变异研究

目的 探讨江苏常州地区乙型肝炎疫苗免疫失败儿童病毒S基因“a”决定簇的变异情况。方法 对15例乙肝疫苗接种后血清表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性的儿童,采用聚合酶链反应方法(PCR)扩增其血清中HBV DNA S基因区。并对PCR产物直接标记测序。结果 15例HBsAg阳性儿童有14例血清HBV DNA阳性,其中有4例出现了S基因“a”决定簇的变异,变异率为28．6％,第126位的异亮氨酸（Ile)被苏氨酸(Thr)替代1例,第134位苯丙氨酸(Phe)被异亮氨酸替代1例。第145位甘氨酸(Gly)被丙氨酸(Pha)替代2例。结论乙型肝炎疫苗免疫失败儿童中存在s基因“a”抗原决定簇变异,江苏常州地区存在HBVS基因“a”决定簇变异的新类型。     

IL-12、IL-18基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响

目的 研究IL-12、IL-18基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫应答的影响，以探求HIV-1核酸疫苗的新策略。方法 pVAX1GP120联合IL-12、IL-18基因或者pVAX1GP120单独免疫BALB／c小鼠，采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体和IFN-γ水平，以NIT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细脯增殖，用乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）试验检测小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CIL）的应答。结果 与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较，pVAX1GP120联合IL-12、IL-18基因免疫组小鼠血清的抗HIV-1 gp120抗体滴度升高，IFN-γ升高，小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖实验刺激指数（SI）以及特异性CTL活性均高，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 IL-12、IL-18基因联合HIV-1核酸疫苗免疫小鼠，有可能增强特异性TH1细胞和CTL反应，IL-12、IL-18基因对体液免疫可能有抑制作用。因此，IL-12、IL-18基因对于治疗性HIV-1核酸疫苗可能是具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂。     

表达前列腺特异性膜抗原的DNA疫苗对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用

目的构建表达前列腺特异性膜抗原（PSMA）的DNA疫苗，观察其在体外对肿瘤细胞的免疫攻击和在体内对肿瘤细胞攻击的免疫保护作用。方法通过稳定转染构建表达PSMA的小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16-PSMA，将DNA疫苗pCDNA3．1-PSMA通过肌肉注射导入C57BL／6小鼠体内，分离小鼠脾细胞，检测细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocytes，CTL）反应。以B16-PSMA细胞攻击免骺小鼠，观察免疫动物的无瘤生存期和肿瘤体积增长情况，评价DNA疫苗的抗肿瘤作用。结果DNA疫苗可诱导小鼠脾淋巴细胞CTL活性，经过免疫后的小鼠成瘤率降低，无瘤生存期延长，肿瘤生长缓慢，肿瘤组织内有较多淋巴细胞浸润，表明产生较强的抗肿瘤反应。结论表达PSMA的DNA疫苗能够诱导小鼠产生特异性免疫反应，对表达PSMA的肿瘤细胞的攻击产生免疫保护作用，为前列腺癌的预防和免疫治疗提供了新的思路。     

The N-terminal flanking region of the invariant chain peptide augments the immunogenicity of a cryptic "self" epitope from a tumor-associated antigen

The N-terminal flanking region of the invariant chain peptide termed CLIP appears to have superagonistic properties interacting with the T cell receptor and the MHC class II molecule at or near the binding site for the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The present studies explored the hypothesis that the N-terminal segment of CLIP can augment the immunogenicity of cryptic "self" tumor-associated antigens. A chimeric construct of an MHC class II binding peptide from the c-erb oncogene (Her-2/neu) containing the N-terminal flanking region of CLIP elicited potent antitumor activity against a Her-2/neu-positive tumor in a rat model system. Comparatively, the unmodified parent peptide was ineffective. The induction of effective antitumor immunity, however, required presentation of the chimeric peptide construct on irradiated tumor cells or the peptide construct in concert with a Her-2/neu MHC class I-restricted peptide from Her-2/neu. As revealed by adoptive transfer studies, effective protective antitumor immunity in this setting required the CD4 T helper subset. Additionally, in vitro analysis revealed that immunization with the parent peptide resulted in a weak immune response to the unmodified peptide consisting of both type 1 (IL-2, IFN-gamma) and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokine-producing cells analyzed by RT-PCR (qualitative and quantitative) and by limiting dilution assay. Comparatively, immunization with the chimeric construct elicited a potent immune response to the parent peptide with predominantly type 1 cytokine-producing cells. Taken together, the results suggest that immunization with the chimeric Her-2/neu peptide induced protective antitumor immunity. Associated with this immunization strategy was the enhancement of a type 1 cytokine response.     

Serotypes of carriage and invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazilian children in the era of pneumococcal vaccines

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a key factor in the development of invasive disease and the spread of resistant strains within the community. A single nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from 648 unvaccinated children aged <5 years, either healthy or with acute respiratory tract infection or meningitis, during the winters of 2000 and 2001. The overall pneumococcal carriage rate was 35.8% (95% CI 32.1-39.6). The pneumococcal serotypes found most frequently in the nasopharynx were 14, 6B, 6A, 19F, 10A, 23F and 18C, which included five of the seven serotypes in the currently licensed seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7); serotypes 4 and 9V were less common. Serotypes 1 and 5 were isolated rarely from the nasopharynx. A comparison of 222 nasopharyngeal isolates with 125 invasive isolates, matched for age and time to the carrier isolates, showed a similar prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci (PNSp) (19.8% and 19.2%, respectively). PNSp serotypes were similar (6B, 14, 19F, 19 A, 23B and 23F) for carriage and invasive disease isolates. The coverage of PCV7 for carriage isolates (52.2%) and invasive isolates (62.4%) did not differ significantly (p 0.06); similarly, there was no significant difference in PCV7 coverage for carriage isolates (34.5%) and invasive isolates (28.2%) of PNSp. These data suggest that PCV7 has the potential to reduce pneumococcal carriage and the number of carriers of PNSp belonging to vaccine serotypes.     

中国株HIV-1 gp120核酸疫苗的实验免疫研究

目的　探讨表达中国株HIV 1gp12 0基因的核酸疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫反应。方法　将表达HIV 1gp12 0的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXP经肌肉注射免疫Balb c小鼠 ,检测免疫小鼠脾CD4 +、CD8+T细胞亚群的数量 ,脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体滴度。结果　重组质粒pVAXP免疫组小鼠脾CD4 +、CD8+T细胞亚群的数值均比对照组高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;免疫组脾特异性CTL杀伤活性与对照组相比差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ;血清抗体滴度显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　表达HIV 1gp12 0基因的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXP能诱导小鼠产生特异性细胞和体液免疫。