颅内破裂动脉瘤患者术前再出血危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再出血的相关危险因素,为预防早期再出血提供依据。 方法 采用回顾性病例对照的方法,对450例确诊的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者进行调查。依据术前是否 发生再出血将患者分为无出血组和再出血组,采用单因素分析、Logistic回归法来筛选影响术前再出血 的危险因素。 结果 颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再出血发生率高达23.56%（106/450）;Logistic回归分析显示,高血 压（OR 4.221,95%CI 2.969～5.472,P <0.001）、合并脑血管痉挛（OR 2.015,95%CI 1.274～2.756, P =0.005）、癫痫（OR 3.093,95%CI 1.980～4.206,P <0.001）、DSA检查（OR 1.684,95%CI 1.103～2.265, P =0.002）、动脉瘤形状不规则（OR 2.465,95%CI 1.887～3.042,P <0.001）、肿瘤直径≥10 mm （OR 3.046,95%CI 2.060～4.031,P <0.001）、剧烈咳嗽（OR 3.594,95%CI 2.447～4.741,P <0.001）、 情绪异常波动（OR 2.756,95%CI 1.928～3.585,P =0.002）、过早搬动或下床活动（OR 4.226, 95%CI 2.769～5.683,P <0.001）、用力排便（OR 2.451,95%CI 1.810～3.092,P <0.001）、Hunt-Hess分级高 （OR 1.073,95%CI 1.031～1.114,P <0.001）等因素为术前再出血的独立危险因素。 结论 颅内破裂动脉瘤患者入院后术前仍然有较高的再出血发生率,其独立危险因素较多,应针对 这些危险因素采取干预措施,降低术前再出血发生率。     

Mortality and rebleeding following variceal haemorrhage in liver cirrhosis and periportal fibrosis

AIM To investigate mortality and rebleeding rate and identify associated risk factors at 6 wk and 5 d following acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis and schistosomal periportal fibrosis.METHODS This is a prospective study conducted during the period from March to December 2014. Patients with portal hypertension presenting with acute variceal haemorrhage secondary to either liver cirrhosis(group A) or schistosomal periportal fibroses(group B) presenting within 24 h of the onset of the bleeding were enrolled in the study and followed for a period of 6 wk. Analysis of data was done by Microsoft Excel and comparison between groups was done by Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 20 to calculate means and find the levels of statistical differences and define the mortality rates, the P value of 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS A total of 94 patients were enrolled in the study. Thirtytwo patients(34%) had liver cirrhosis(group A) and62(66%) patients had periportal fibrosis(group B).Mortality: The 6-wk and 5-d mortality were 53% and16% respectively in group A compared to 10% and 0%in group B(P value 0.000 and 0.004). In group A;a Child-Turcotte-Pugh class C and rebleeding within 5 d were significantly associated with 5-d mortality(P value 0.029 and 0.049 respectively) and Child- TurcottePugh class C was also a significant risk factor for 6-wk mortality(P value 0.018). In group B; mortality was significantly associated with rebleeding within the 6-wk follow-up period and requirement for blood transfusion on admission(P value 0.005 and 0.049). Rebleeding:The 6-wk and 5-d rebleeding rate in group A were 56%and 25% respectively compared to 32% and 3% in group B(P value 0.015 and 0.002). Clinical presentation with encephalopathy was a significant risk factor for 5 d rebleeding in group A(P value 0.005) while grade Ⅲperiportal fibrosis and requirement for blood transfusion on admission were significant risk factors for 6-wk rebleeding in group B(P value 0.004 and 0.02).CONCLUSION The 6-wk and 5-d mortality and rebleeding rate were significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis compared to patients with schistosomal periportal fibrosis.     

不同手术时机治疗与高血压脑出血患者术后再出血及近期疗效的关系研究

目的：探讨不同手术时机对高血压脑出血（ HICH）患者术后再出血及近期疗效的影响。方法：129例HICH患者根据手术时机分为超早期组（n＝43）、早期组（n＝43）与晚期组（n＝43）,均给予相同的手术方案治疗,对比三组患者近期疗效及术后再出血发生率。结果：三组患者治疗优良率比较无统计学差异（P＞0．05）;超早期组再出血率为27．9％（12／43）,显著高于早期组的7．0％（3／43）与晚期组的2．3％（1／43）（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）,早期组与晚期组术后再出血率比较无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。结论：HICH手术时机的选择与术后再出血密切相关,超早期手术可增加术后再出血发生率而影响预后,但对于出血速度较快,短时间内可能形成脑疝者,仍应尽早手术以挽救患者生命。     

Prediction models for recurrence in patients with small bowel bleeding

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) has traditionally been defined as gastrointestinal bleeding whose source remains unidentified after bidirectional endoscopy. OGIB can present as overt bleeding or occult bleeding, and small bowel lesions are the most common causes. The small bowel can be evaluated using capsule endoscopy, device-assisted enteroscopy, computed tomography enterography, or magnetic resonance enterography. Once the cause of small-bowel bleeding is identified and targeted therapeutic intervention is completed, the patient can be managed with routine visits. However, diagnostic tests may produce negative results, and some patients with small bowel bleeding, regardless of diagnostic findings, may experience rebleeding. Predicting those at risk of rebleeding can help clinicians form individualized surveillance plans. Several studies have identified different factors associated with rebleeding, and a limited number of studies have attempted to create prediction models for recurrence. This article describes prediction models developed so far for identifying patients with OGIB who are at greater risk of rebleeding. These models may aid clinicians in forming tailored patient management and surveillance.     

糖尿病对肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血影响的临床研究

目的探讨合并糖尿病是否影响肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者内镜治疗后的再出血。方法2015年6月至2018年3月,因肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血在安徽医科大学第一附属医院接受内镜下静脉曲张套扎术或内镜下硬化剂注射术初次治疗的207例病例纳入回顾性分析,以术后6个月作为观察结束点统计再出血情况,根据有无出血分为出血组(n=54)和未出血组(n=153),对于可能导致术后再出血的影响因素先行单因素分析,发现差异性后再行Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析发现,性别构成、年龄、有无门静脉血栓、有无吸烟史、有无饮酒史(P=0.05)、有无高血压、血小板计数、总胆红素水平、白蛋白水平、谷丙转氨酶水平、凝血酶原时间、食管静脉曲张程度构成、手术方式构成在出血组和未出血组间差异均无统计学意义(P均≥0.05),是否合并糖尿病、血红蛋白水平、血糖水平、腹水程度构成、肝功能分级构成在出血组和未出血组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。将合并糖尿病(是/否)、血红蛋白水平、血糖水平、腹水程度(无-轻度/中-重度)、肝功能Child-Pugh分级(A级/B-C级)以及饮酒史(有/无)纳入多因素分析,结果显示合并糖尿病是肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血的独立危险因素(P=0.008,OR=2.973,95%CI:1.322~6.689)。结论合并糖尿病的肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者内镜治疗后易发生再出血。     

A Modified Percutaneous Transhepatic Variceal Embolization with 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Versus Endoscopic Ligation in Esophageal Variceal Bleeding Management: Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Conventional percutaneous transhepatic varices embolization (PTVE) has rarely been used in recent years due to high rates of variceal recurrence and rebleeding. Herein we report a modified PTVE with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) in which the whole lower esophageal and peri or para-esophageal varices, the submucosal varices, and the advertitial plexus of the cardia and fundus were sufficiently obliterated. We compared this PTVE with endoscopic band ligation (EVL) in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, cirrhotic patients with acute or recent esophageal variceal bleeding were assigned randomly to PTVE (52 patients) or EVL (50 patients) groups. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) rebleeding, esophageal variceal rebleeding, and survival were followed-up. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning and portal venography were used to observe 2-OCA distribution. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 24 and 25 months in the PTVE and EVL groups, respectively) UGI rebleeding developed in eight patients in the PTVE group and 21 patients in EVL group (P = 0.004). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices occurred in three patients in the PTVE group and twelve in the EVL group (P = 0.012, relative risk 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.74). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the treatment was the only factor predictive of rebleeding. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed there was no significant difference between survival in the two groups (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: With the whole lower esophageal and peri or para-esophageal varices, the submucosal varices, and the adventitial plexus of the cardia and fundus sufficiently obliterated by 2-OCA, this modified PTVE was more effective than EVL in the management of esophageal varices recurrence and rebleeding. Survival in these two groups was not significantly different, however.     

食管静脉曲张治疗后复发出血的临床分析

探讨食管静脉曲张硬化治疗后复发出血的规律及有关因素。对２６０例肝硬化食管静脉曲张硬化治疗后患者，追随观察６到７２个月，对反复出血的５５例患者进行临床分析。本组复发出血率为２１．２％，一年内复发出血占６９％，５２例再次接受硬化治疗，急诊止血率为９６．１％。追随期中，死亡８例，其中３例死于出血。存活４７例，生存期１～６年。结论：１．复发出血与肝功能、门静脉主干宽度无明显关系，而与静脉曲张消失和基本消失率低以及其他门体静脉侧支未建立有关。２．复发出血者小中量占多数。３；对复发出血的规律及如何预防复发出血作了简要讨论。     

Role of band ligation for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding

AIM To summarize and critically examine the role of band ligation in secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE and PubM ed databases. The search terms consisted of the words "endoscopic band ligation" OR "variceal band ligation" OR "ligation" AND "secondary prophylaxis" OR "secondary prevention" AND "variceal bleeding" OR "variceal hemorrhage" AND "liver cirrhosis". The data collected from relevant meta-analyses and from the most recent randomized studies that were not included in these meta-analyses were used to evaluate the role of endoscopic band ligation in an effort to demonstrate the most recent advances in the treatment of esophageal varices. RESULTS This study included 11 meta-analyses published from 2002 to 2017 and 10 randomized trials published from 2010 to 2017 that evaluated the efficacy of band ligation in the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Overall, the results proved that band ligation was superior to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Moreover, the use of β-blockers in combination with band ligation increased the treatment effectiveness, supporting the current recommendations for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. The use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was superior to combination therapy regarding rebleeding prophylaxis, with no difference in the survival rates; however, the results concerning the hepatic encephalopathy incidence were conflicting. Recent advances in the management of secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding have targeted a decrease in portal pressure based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of portal hypertension.CONCLUSION This review suggests that future research should be conducted to enhance current interventions and/or to develop innovative treatment options with improved clinical endpoints.     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者早期经口进食效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血（acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ANVUGIB）患者止血后24 h内早期经口进食的安全性及有效性，为临床实践提供参考依据。方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library、CINAHL中关于ANVUGIB患者早期经口进食的随机对照试验和队列研究，检索时限为建库至2022年9月。由2名研究者对文献进行筛选、资料提取及方法 学质量评价，并应用RevMan 5.4和Stata 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果 共纳入4篇随机对照试验和1篇队列研究，文献质量评价结果 均为B级。共纳入803例患者，其中试验组（早期经口进食）384例，对照组（常规禁食）419例。Meta分析结果 示，两组再出血率[RR=0.87,95%CI(0.47,1.64),P=0.670]、病死率[RR=0.46,95%CI(0.19,1.08),P=0.080]、住院费用[SMD=-1.50,95...