盆腔恶性肿瘤致肾后性肾衰竭的双介入治疗

目的探讨经皮穿刺顺行输尿管支架置放术结合区域性动脉化疗对盆腔原发或转移性肿瘤合并急性肾衰竭的临床价值及安全性。方法对18例盆腔恶性肿瘤伴双侧输尿管梗阻致肾后性肾功能不全的患者,行一侧经皮穿刺顺行放置输尿管支架,肾功能恢复后3～5d行区域性动脉插管化疗。结果17例输尿管支架置放术一次手术获成功,1例患者左侧肾造瘘失败且发生肾周血肿,后经导管节段性动脉栓塞止血,5d后经右肾造瘘成功。无其他严重并发症。术前血肌酐175.40～1040.70μmol/L,6例存在出血倾向,所有患者肾造瘘2～7d后肾功能恢复正常,随后进行3～8次动脉常规剂量化疗。随访时间3～15个月,平均7个月。结论经皮穿刺顺行输尿管支架置放术结合区域性动脉化疗,治疗盆腔原发或转移性肿瘤合并急性肾衰竭安全、可行、并发症少,可延长患者生存期。     

Ultra-microstructural changes in iliac artery after bare and magnetic stent implantation in rabbits

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of magnetic stent on coronary restenosis after percutaneous arterial stenting. Methods Twenty rabbits were divided randomly into 2 groups.Bare stent (BS group,n=10) or magnetic stent (MS group,n=10) was implanted in the left iliac artery of the rabbits of the 2 groups,respectively.Aspirin (25rag,qd) was administered orally to the rabbits of both groups from 3 days before stenting until the rabbits were executed.Unfractionated heparin (2500u,qd) was delivered subcuta- neously after stenting for 7 days.Five rabbits of each group were randomly selected to be executed at 7 or 30 days.Structural changes in the injured arteries were studied by optical microscopey,transmissive electronic microscopey and immunohistochemistry.Results At 7 days,more myofibroblasts were found migrating from adventitia to tunica media and intima in BS group than in MS group.Inside the media and intima,large amount of smooth muscle cells of synthetic type were observed.At 30 days after stenting,in magnetic group, most uascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) under the intima had transformed to contractile type and only little extracellular matrix (ECM) was observed around the SMCs;whereas,in BS group,the SMCs remained to be synthetic type and large amount of ECM was observed around the SMCs,which was composed mainly ofproteoglycans and glycoproteins.Conclusions Magnetic stent can inhibit proliferation and migration of SMCs and reducing the production of ECM,and therefore,may prevent restenosis after coronary stenting.     

可降解壳聚糖血管外周支持与静脉移植物早期结构的变化

目的　探讨可降解壳聚糖血管外周支持 (CES)对静脉移植物 (VG)早期结构变化的影响 ,为临床提高VG通畅率提供新的治疗方法。　方法　将兔右颈内静脉端 端吻合于同侧颈总动脉建立静脉移植模型 ,以有无CES干预分为支架组与无支架组 (每组 2 4只兔 )。术后 1、2、4周分别切除移植静脉 ,计算机图像分析系统测量和计算内膜、中膜厚度和面积 ,免疫组织化学法检测增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)指数观察平滑肌细胞增殖程度。　结果　CES在术后 2周开始降解。支架组VG ,术后 1～ 2周内膜、中膜的厚度和面积、PCNA指数在术后 1周轻度增加 ,1～ 2周维持稳定 ,术后 2周分别为(2 6 3± 3 7) μm、(2 6 0± 1 9) μm、(0 5 6± 0 0 8)mm2 、(0 34± 0 0 5 )mm2 与 (11 5± 2 1) % ,明显低于无支架组的 (5 6 4± 9 4 ) μm、(47 6± 4 9) μm、(1 17± 0 0 8)mm2 、(1 2 0± 0 4 3)mm2 与 (36 6± 2 9) % (P <0 0 1) ;术后 4周虽然又增加 ,分别为 (31 7± 1 6 ) μm、(31 7± 1 6 ) μm、(0 72± 0 12 )mm2 、(0 4 2± 0 0 6 )mm2 与 (13 4± 1 2 ) % ,但仍低于无支架组的 (76 8± 8 0 ) μm、(5 7 4± 9 5 ) μm、(1 2 7± 0 17)mm2 、(1 2 7± 0 0 9)mm2 与 (16 8± 2 2 ) % (P <0 0 5 )。结论　CES     

现代硬质支气管镜相关操作的安全性评估

目的 评估现代硬质支气管镜相关操作的安全性。方法 分析2014年4月至2016年4月于海军军医大学（第二军医大学）长海医院呼吸内镜中心因良恶性气管病变而接受现代硬质支气管镜操作的100例患者的资料,共进行硬质支气管镜操作124例次,统计硬质支气管镜操作的术中并发症。结果 硬质支气管镜操作的术中并发症为一过性低氧血症（4.03%,5/124）、声带及周边黏膜损伤（4.84%,6/124）、暴露性角膜炎（1.61%、2/124）、气道管壁结构破坏（2.42%,3/124）、可弯曲支气管镜外皮损伤（2.42%,3/124）,硬质支气管镜插入失败1例（0.81%,1/124）,无术中死亡病例。结论 现代硬质支气管镜是一种安全性高、并发症少的治疗技术,值得临床推广与应用。开展规范化的硬质支气管镜及相关技术培训是提高其操作安全性、降低并发症的重要环节及举措。     

Polyflex self-expanding,removable plastic stents: assessment of treatment efficacy and safety in a variety of benign and malignant conditions of the esophagus

Background Historically, esophageal fistulas, perforations, and benign and malignant strictures have been managed surgically or with the placement of permanent endoprostheses or metallic stents. Recently, a removable, self-expanding, plastic stent has become available. The authors investigated the use of this new stent at their institution. Methods The study reviewed all the patients who received a Polyflex stent for an esophageal indication at the authors’ institution between January 2004 and October 2006. Duration of placement, complications, and treatment efficacy were recorded. Results A total of 37 stents were placed in 30 patients (14 women and 16 men) with a mean age of 68 years (range, 28–92 years). Stent placement included 7 for fistulas, 3 for perforations, 1 for an anastomotic leak, 7 for malignant strictures, and 19 for benign strictures (8 anastomotic, 1 caustic, 5 reflux, 2 radiation, and 2 autoimmune esophagitis strictures, and 1 post-Nissen gas bloat stricture). The mean follow-up period was 6 months. Stent deployment was successful for all the patients, and no complications resulted from stent placement or removal. Nine stents migrated spontaneously. Three of three perforations and three of five fistulas sealed. Only one stent was removed because of patient discomfort. One patient with a radiation stricture experienced tracheoesophageal fistulas secondary to pressure necrosis. Of 20 patients with stricture, 18 experienced improvement in their dysphagia. Conclusion Self-expanding, removable plastic stents are easily and safely placed and removed from the esophagus. This has facilitated their use in the authors’ institution for an increasing number of esophageal conditions. Further studies to help define their ultimate role in benign and malignant esophageal pathology are warranted.     

34例肝门部胆管癌的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌合理选择治疗方式,方法:对34例患者按不同的治疗方式分为根治性切除, 姑息性切除,胆肠内引流,金属支架内引流和外引流5组,分析各种治疗方式与病变分型,生存时间和并发症的关系.结果:生存时间,根治性切除组3.3年,姑息性切除组平均20个月,胆肠内引流组平均13个月,金属支架内引流组平均12个月;外引流组6.3个月;总并发症23.5%,手术死亡率0.结论:肝门部胆管癌的治疗应首选根治性切除,选择性和肝段切除是更适合的,姑息性切除的疗效优于各种内外引流术,胆肠吻合内引流术和金属支架内引流疗效相似.     

术前置D-J管后腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管结石

目的:探讨术前膀胱镜下留置D-J管后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石治疗输尿管结石的效果。方法:对38例输尿管中上段结石患者,行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗,术前膀胱镜下留置D-J管。结果:38例手术均成功,手术完成率100%,手术时间平均50min,术中出血量平均15ml;术后漏尿3例。术后3~5d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,留置导尿5~7d,术后住院平均6d。随访2~22个月,患者肾输尿管积水明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切口处狭窄。结论:后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术前置D-J管安全可行;比术中置管具有损伤小、寻找输尿管容易、出血少、手术时间短、术后并发症少等优点,二者结合,适用于输尿管中上段结石的治疗。     

Endoluminal stent graft repair for acute and chronic type B aortic dissection and atherosclerotic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: an interdisciplinary task

Objective: Endoluminal thoracic aortic stenting is a new therapeutic tool in reducing the operative trauma of the patient. However, the inherent risks of aortic stent grafting are perivascular leakage, stent dislocation, blunt rupture of the aorta, side branch occlusion and neurological sequelae. To reduce these risks, in our institution all stent implantations were performed in close collaboration with our fellow cardiologists under biplane X-ray control supported by simultaneous intravascular and transoesophageal ultrasound imaging. Methods: Between August 1999 and August 2001, endovascular stent graft repair was performed in 34 patients (27 male, seven female) with a mean age of 68.6±7 years (range 58–84). Indication for treatment was an acute Type B aortic dissection in six patients (18%), a symptomatic chronic Type B dissection in 12 patients (35%), a true aneurysm of the descending aorta in seven patients (21%) and an atherosclerotic contained rupture of the descending aorta in nine (26%) patients. Out of six acute type B dissections three patients (8.8%) and one patient (2.9%) out of the chronic dissection group were in severe haemorrhagic shock, ventilated and required high-dose adrenergic support. The others (30 patients, 88.3%) remained symptomatic despite maximum medical treatment. In a special case a combined surgical and endoluminal stent graft repair was performed. Individually manufactured Talent, Medtronic AVE (33), and Gore (1) stents were used. Follow-up examination was performed 1 week after implantation and repeated every 3 months (mean follow-up 8 months, range 1–24). Results: In all patients the aneurysm or the entry of the dissection could be excluded. The observed hospital mortality was 2.9% (one patient). No perivascular leakage, no stent dislocation, no neurological deficit or perfusion impairment was observed. All patients except four were extubated immediately after the procedure and discharged from hospital on postoperative day 2–3. The late procedure-related mortality was 5.8% (two patients) resulting in an overall mortality of 8.8% (three patients). Conclusion: Stent graft repair is a safe and feasible treatment option for selected patients, especially in emergency situations, if the aortic lesions can be clearly identified and localized. The use of biplane X-ray control combined with simultaneous intravascular and transoesophageal ultrasound imaging in an interdisciplinary approach enables a more precise targeting of the stent landing zone, resulting in low morbidity and mortality rates.     

Minimally invasive approach to Boerhaave’s syndrome

Background: Boerhaave's syndrome requires urgent thoracotomy, laparotomy, or both for esophageal repair and pleuromediastinal debridement. Minimally invasive techniques may be suitable alternatives. Material and methods: Over a period of 12 months, three patients with spontaneous esophageal perforations after forceful vomiting were treated by a combination of minimally invasive techniques including laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and endoscopic stenting. Results: Esophageal repair was performed transhiatally via laparoscopy using primary suture, primary suture reinforced by a fundic patch, and fundic patch alone in one patient each. One patient had a second perforation of the proximal esophagus, which was sutured through a cervical incision. This patient successfully underwent secondary endoscopic stenting for a persistent esophageal fistula. Mediastinal debridement was performed transhiatally and also by means of a mediastinoscope introduced via the cervical incision in one patient. One patient required secondary thoracoscopic debridement of a pleural empyema but died of sepsis after 1 month. The two other patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital after 2 and 8 weeks, respectively. Conlusions: Boerhaave's syndrome is amenable to minimally invasive techniques. Avoidance of a formal thoracotomy with its resulting morbidity could be of considerable benefit to these critically ill patients.