用PCR技术产前诊断人巨细胞病毒感染

用ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选早孕妇女血人巨细胞病毒ＩｇＭ（ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ），在孕１２￣２０周用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测其羊水中ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，对胎儿巨细胞病毒感染作出产前诊断。在３８４例孕妇中，筛选出血ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性２６例为实验组，其羊水ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率为３４．６２％；从２５８例ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阴性中选出２０例为对照组，其羊水ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ检出率为１０．０％，两组比较有显著性差异（     

新鲜组织块标本经乙醇直接固定二年的流式细胞术DNA分析

本文报道了一种实体组织用于DesoxyribonucleicAcid(DNA)分析的Flowcy tometry(FCM) )样品保存新方法 ,即新鲜组织块乙醇直接固定法。所用样品为头颈部肿瘤手术切除的新鲜标本 3 0例 ,每例标本重约 0 5～ 1 g ,均等分为两份 ,1份置 70 %乙醇直接固定 ,室温放置 ,待两年后FCM检测。另一份置生理盐水中立即行流式细胞术DNA分析。两组样品经机械法制成单细胞悬液 ,PI染色后上机检测。结果显示 :从两组样品的DNA直方图分析 ,CV(coefficiencyofvariation)值、GO/G1、S及G2 /M各期比率无显著差异 (P >0 0 5)。我们认为在样品收集短期内难以完成 ,需积累保存 ,或需保存半年以上者 ,且不具备低温冷冻设备的条件下 ,新鲜组织块乙醇直接固定法是优于将组织块先制备成单细胞悬液再行乙醇固定的流式细胞术DNA样品保存方法     

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ/NOP receptor system as a target for treatment of alcohol abuse: a review of recent work in alcohol-preferring rats

The intracerebroventricular administration of the 17 amino acid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the NOP receptor (previously referred to as ORL-1 or OP4 receptor), reduces voluntary 10% ethanol intake in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats. Studies aimed at the pharmacological characterization of the receptor, which mediates the effect, have shown that the C-terminal 13 amino acid sequence is crucial for activity and that the selective NOP receptor antagonist [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) blocks the effect of N/OFQ on ethanol drinking. In place conditioning studies, N/OFQ abolishes the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by ethanol in msP rats, or by morphine in nonselected Wistar rats; these findings suggest that N/OFQ is able to abolish the rewarding properties of ethanol and morphine. Moreover, N/OFQ inhibits reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior induced to electric footshock stress, as well as reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior induced by ethanol-paired cues. Together, these findings suggest that N/OFQ and its receptor may represent an interesting target for pharmacological treatment of alcohol abuse.     

Prenatal ontogenetic history of the principal neurons of the neocortex of the cat (Felis domestica) a golgi study

Summary The individual prenatal ontogenetic history of the horizontal neurons (the Cajal-Retzius cells) of layer I, the Martinotti neurons of layer VI, the pyramid-like neurons (the polymorphous or spindle cells) of layer VI, and the pyramidal neurons of layer V of the cat neocortex have been investigated. These neurons undergo, in the course of prenatal ontogenesis, a series of significant changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations resulting in their complete structural transformation. Some of these changes have led to the appearance of new types of neurons quite different from the original in their morphological features as wells as in the territory of distribution of their axons. The horizontal neurons of layer I (superficial plexiform layer) come to assume the morphological characteristics of Cajal-Retzius cells late in prenatal ontogenesis. Also, the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI (deep plexiform layer) acquire the features of polymorphous (spindle) neurons of layer VI late in prenatal neocortical ontogenesis.Certainly, the resulting functional transformations that these neuronal changes cause are important and of great significance in the understanding of the organization of the mammalian neocortex. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the following occur: the horizontal neurons of layer I lose their axonic connections with layer VI and acquire an increasing relevance in the structural organization of layer I; the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI lose their axonic and dendritic connections with layer I and undergo pronounced regressive changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations; and the Martinotti neurons lose their axonic connections with layer I and also undergo regressive changes in their dendritic arborizations. In addition, the structural-functional interrelationships among these three neurons, which are quite prominent during early neocortical ontogenesis, fade away in the course of late prenatal ontogenesis and possibly disappear altogether by the time of birth in the cat. These three neurons are the basic neuronal elements of the early, precallosal organization (the primordial neocortical organization) of the mammalian neocortex. Phylogenetically, these three types of neurons are very old ones and have been described in the cerebral cortices of amphibians and reptiles. Therefore, it is not surprising that the early, precallosal organization of the mammalian neocortex should resemble the structural organization of the reptilian (general cortex) neocortex.It is postulated in this communication that these neuronal transformations are the result of a restructuring in the organization of the mammalian neocortex which follows the arrival of the callosal fibers and of a new type of corticipetal fibers at the pyramidal plate. this restructuring represents a transformation of the fibrillary-neuronal structure of the mammalian neocortex from its early, precallosal (reptilian) organization into a more distinctly mammalian one. The mammalian neocortical organization is characterized by the sequential maturation of several strata of true pyramidal neuronal systems. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the fibrillar and neuronal elements of the early, precallosal neocortical organization lose progressively their relevance in the structural organization of the mammalian neocortex while the new pyramidal neuronal systems acquire an increasing relevance in it.Supported by Grant HD-03298 and by General Research Support Grant FR-05392 from the General Research Branch, National Institutes of Health.     

Ontogenetic development of proenkephalin A and proenkephalin B messenger RNA in fetal pigs

Summary Using solution hybridization analysis and Northern blotting with complementary RNA probes labelled to high specific activity, levels of proenkephalin A and B mRNA were analyzed throughout prenatal development in the hippocampus and striatum of fetal pigs. A differential time course for the appearance of these opioid precursor mRNAs was observed: in hippocampus, both mRNAs increased linearly throughout development with proenkephalin B mRNA increasing faster than proenkephalin A mRNA. In striatum, both mRNAs behaved similarly, increasing to a maximum level around mid-gestation and declining thereafter. The differences might be attributed to differential localization of the two precursor systems in the tissues and might be of functional relevance.Abberviations PENK A, PENK B Proenkephalin A, B - mRNA Messenger Ribonucleic Acid - cRNA Complementary RNA     

Polyovular follicles in the ovary of immature mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol

Summary Polyovular follicles (PF) occur in the ovary of 30-day-old offspring of ICR/JCL mice given 4 daily subcutaneous injections of 20–2,000 g diethylstilbestrol (DES)/day from days 15 to 18 of gestation. PF containing 2–9 oocytes per follicle in the prenatally DES-exposed mice are increased 33- to 112-fold as compared to controls. In 5- to 25-day-old offspring of mothers given injections of 2,000 g DES/day, PF are observed 17–65 times more frequent than in controls.     

21－羟化酶CYP21B基因Ile~（172）→Asn错义突变

为了解先天性肾上腺皮质增生症患者的２１－羟化酶ＣＹＰ２１Ｂ基因中Ｉｌｅ~（１７２）→Ａｓｎ错义突变的发生率，根据放大受阻突变体系（Ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒｅｆｒａｃｔｏｒｙｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ＡＲＭＳ）的要求，设计了３种引物：５＇ｄ（ＴＴＧＧＧＡＧＡＣＴＡＣＴＣＣＣＴＧＣＴＣＴ）３＇（共同引物）、５＇ｄ（ＡＧＧＴＧＡＧＧＴＡＡＣＡＧＡ）３＇（正常引物）、５＇ｄ（ＡＧＧＴＧＡＧＧＴＡＡＣＡＧＴ）３＇（突变引物），在７例患儿中进行了检测，发现具有本突变者３例。对其中一例进行的家系分析，结果提示：这组引物有快速、简便的优点，不需使用同位素就能对具有Ｉｌｅ~（１７２）→Ａｓｎ变异的高危家庭成员作产前诊断。     

Blutdruck,relatives Körpergewicht,Alkoholkonsum und Elektrolytausscheidung in der BRD und der DDR: Die Intersalt-Studie

Summary The relationships between body mass index (BMI) and age, alcohol consumption, 24-hr urinary electrolyte excretion, and BP were studied in 588 subjects from three German centers participating inIntersalt, a highly standardized, previously reported protocol. Men and women aged 20–59 were sampled in Bernried, FRG; Cottbus, GDR; and Heidelberg, FRG. The subjects from the three centers did not differ in BMI, level of education, physical activity, cigarette- or alcohol-consumption patterns, or urinary Cl excretion. Mean Na excretion was 167, 147, and 172 mmol/24 hr in Bernried, Cottbus, and Heidelberg, while mean K excretion was 72, 55, and 73 mmol/24 hr, respectively. The excretion of these electrolytes was significantly lower in Cottbus than in Bernried or Heidelberg. BMI increased progressively in men with age; in women BMI plateaued until the 5th decade, after which it increased to equal that of men. In individual centers, the excretion of electrolytes was correlated with BML Sodium and chloride excretion were highly correlated. The data from each individual center were fitted to a multiple regression model. Age, BMI, sex, and alcohol consumption entered the model.

     

饮酒对小鼠睾丸生精小管一氧化氮合酶、增殖细胞核抗原表达及细胞凋亡影响的研究

目的　探讨酒精对小鼠睾丸的组织结构、内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)、增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)及细胞凋亡的影响。　方法　用 5 %、10 %及 15 % 3种不同浓度的酒精作用于 2 2d龄小鼠 ,取睾丸做石蜡切片、HE染色 ;用免疫组织化学方法检测睾丸eNOS、细胞增殖的变化 ;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡的变化 ,并进行统计学分析。　结果　随着酒精浓度的增大 ,睾丸组织结构发生明显改变 ,生精小管的直径逐渐减小 ,eNOS阳性细胞面积密度逐渐增大 ,单位面积内PCNA阳性细胞和凋亡细胞数目增加 ,高浓度酒精组与其他组差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　酒精可使生精小管的直径变小 ,eNOS及PCNA表达增强 ,凋亡细胞增加并随酒精浓度的增大而变化加重。这可能是过量饮酒导致生精细胞减少 ,生殖能力降低的重要因素。     

The sinusoidal barrier in alcoholic patients without liver fibrosis

Summary Alcohol induces morphological changes in the endothelial and perisinusoidal cells at the fibrotic stage of alcoholic liver diseases. Directly or indirectly, through hemodynamic disturbances linked to the enlargement of steatotic hepatocytes, alcohol may modify this barrier before the onset of fibrosis. Liver biopsies were obtained from control and from alcoholic patients and perfusion-fixed. Volume and surface densities of endothelial cells, perisinusoidal cells and their processes were measured. Liver histology was normal in the 2 groups except for steatosis in the alcoholics. Volume densities represented 8.2%, 4.7% and 3.2% of the sinusoid in controls for endothelial cells, perisinusoidal cells and their processes whereas surface densities represented respectively 0.5, 0.23, 0.21 m²/cm³ of sinusoid. Morphometric values were not significantly different in the alcoholic patients. In none of the alcoholic patients did fine morphological studies of sinusoidal cells give any indication of the possible evolution of the alcoholic disease towards fibrosis. These results indicate that in the group of patients studied, alcohol, before the fibrotic stage, did not significantly alter the sinusoidal barrier.