Contemporary review of minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM To assess the current literature describing various minimally invasive techniques for and to review short-term outcomes after minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD). METHODS PD remains the only potentially curative treatment for periampullary malignancies, including, most commonly, pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Minimally invasive approaches to this complex operation have begun to be increasingly reported in the literature and are purported by some to reduce the historically high morbidity of PD associated with the open technique. In this systematic review, we have searched the literature for high-quality publications describing minimally invasive techniques for PD-including laparoscopic, robotic, and laparoscopicassisted robotic approaches(hybrid approach). We have identified publications with the largest operative experiences from well-known centers of excellence for this complex procedure. We report primarily short term operative and perioperative results and some short term oncologic endpoints. RESULTS Minimal y invasive techniques include laparoscopic, robotic and hybrid approaches and each of these techniques has strong advocates. Consistently, across all minimally invasive modalities, these techniques are associated less intraoperative blood loss than traditional open PD(OPD), but in exchange for longer operating times. These techniques are relatively equivalent in terms of perioperative morbidity and short term oncologic outcomes. Importantly, pancreatic fistula rate appears to be comparable in most minimally invasive series compared to open technique. Impact of minimally invasive technique on length of stay is mixed compared to some traditional open series. A few series have suggestedthat initiation of and time to adjuvant therapy may be improved with minimally invasive techniques, however this assertion remains controversial. In terms of shortterms costs, minimally invasive PD is significantly higher than that of OPD. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive approaches to PD show great promise as a strategy to improve short-term outcomes in patients undergoing PD, but the best results remain isolated to high-volume centers of excellence.     

胰胆管定量分析对壶腹周围癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨胰胆管定量分析对胰头癌和其他壶腹周围癌的鉴别诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析南部县中医医院及川北医学院附属医院2013年9月至2018年3月81例壶腹周围癌患者的磁共振影像资料,包括41例胰头癌,20例胆总管下段癌及20例壶腹癌。将胆总管直径、主胰管直径、胰胆管末端间距、十二指肠乳头至胆胰管末端间距相加得到"胰胆管径线和"并在磁共振胰胆管成像上测量胰胆管汇合角,采用受试者工作特性曲线分析2名医师及采用贯序实验后胰胆管汇合角和胰胆管径线和用于鉴别胰头癌和其他壶腹周围癌的鉴别诊断效能。 结果胰头癌的胰胆管汇合角及胰胆管径线和大于其他壶腹周围癌［（86.2^°±13.8^°） vs （61.6^°±10.7^°）,（9.3±1.7）cm vs （7.8±1.2）cm］,差异具有统计学意义（F=5.896、19.568,P=0.017、0.001）。贯序实验得出胰胆管汇合角及胰胆管径线和临界点分别为70^°和9 cm,敏感度和特异度为（67%,96%）,AUC为0.93。 结论胰胆管定量分析可鉴别胰头癌及其他壶腹周围癌（胆总管下段癌及壶腹癌）,联合胰胆管汇合角及胰胆管径线和可进一步提高鉴别诊断价值。     

腹腔镜与开腹胰十二指肠切除术临床疗效单中心回顾性研究

目的 比较腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术（LPD）与开腹胰十二指肠切除术（OPD）临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析承德医学院附属医院2015年1月~2018年8月收治的21例行腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术（LPD）与20例开腹胰十二指肠切除术（OPD）患者围手术期相关资料,比较两组患者手术过程、术后恢复及其他相关围手术期情况。结果 两组患者均顺利完成胰十二指肠切除术。两组患者手术时间和手术出血量比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。LPD组与OPD组重症监护时间[（9.32±2.11）d vs（7.34±3.51）d     

常规超声、胃肠水对比超声、双重对比超声造影显示壶腹周围癌的比较

目的比较常规超声、胃肠水对比超声、双重对比超声造影对壶腹周围癌病灶及其与周围组织关系的显示能力。方法 18例壶腹周围癌病例均经手术或活检证实,所有病例均行常规超声、胃肠水对比超声、双重对比超声造影检查。比较这3种超声检查方法对壶腹周围癌病灶及其与周围组织关系的显示能力。结果常规超声、胃肠水对比超声、双重对比超声造影的病灶清晰显示率分别为16.7%(3/18)、22.2%(4/18)、94.4%(17/18);十二指肠腔内突出物显示率分别为0(0/18)、38.9%(7/18)、72.2%(13/18)。双重对比超声造影对病灶清晰显示率及十二指肠腔内突出物显示率均显著高于前两者(P0.01,P0.05)。同时双重对比超声造影显示2例周围血管侵犯和1例肝内转移灶。结论双重对比超声造影可提高壶腹周围癌的显示能力,有望成为诊断壶腹周围癌的一种新方法。     

64排螺旋CT对壶腹区良恶性病变影像特征评价

目的评价多层螺旋CT（MSCT）平扫和三期动态增强扫描对壶腹周围病变所致梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的96例梗阻性黄疸患者的MSCT,US,ERCP资料,着重分析MSCT的平扫和三期动态增强扫描在梗阻定位、定性方面的作用及其在良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的作用。结果本组96例梗阻性黄疸患者中,34例胰头区病变MSCT确诊31例,确诊率89．2％,明显高于US（76．4％）,54例胆总管末端病变MSCT确诊48例,确诊率87．5％,明显高于US（63．4％）,8例十二指肠乳头病变MSCT确诊5例,确诊率62．5％。本组患者MSCT对梗阻的定位诊断均与手术、内镜所见相符,准确率为100％。结论MSCT作为无创性检查技术,可明确判定梗阻部位,平扫和动态增强扫描结合可显著提高良恶性病变鉴别诊断正确率。     

Outcome of R1 resection in patients undergoing pancreatico-duodenectomy for pancreatic cancer

Background

Pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD) is the only potentially curative treatment for pancreatic cancer, but most surgeons are reluctant to perform a palliative resection. The aim was to define the outcome for microscopically incomplete PD (R1).

Methods

Ninety-nine consecutive patients underwent laparotomy to perform PD. Sixty-seven patients were resected and 32 underwent palliative bypass (PSB) because of locally advanced disease.

Results

Of the 67 PD, 27 were classified as R0 and 40 as R1. Median survival for R0, R1 and PSB were 24, 18 and 9 months, respectively. Survival in the PSB group was 34% at 1 year and 0% at 2 years. 1-, 2- and 5-year survival in the R0 and R1 groups was 79% and 70%, 48.3% and 39.1%, 21.5% and 9.9%, respectively. Compared to PSB, both other groups were less likely to die over follow-up (p = 0.002). Survival was not significantly different between the R0 and R1 groups (p = 0.21). Perioperative morbidity and mortality were similar in the PD and PSB groups (29.9% and 3.0% vs 31.3 and 3.1%, respectively, p = 1.00).

Conclusions

Better survival in the resection group and similar perioperative risk would support the decision to perform PD even when there is the possibility of incomplete microscopic clearance.     

CT、MRCP、US联合血清CA19-9、CEA诊断壶腹周围癌的价值

目的 探讨CT、MRCP、US检查联合血清CA19-9、CEA的检测对壶腹周围癌的诊断价值。方法 分析87例经手术或经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP）活检病理证实壶腹周围癌患者的CT、MRCP、US的影像学表现及血清CA19-9、CEA检测结果。探讨CT、MRCP、US检查联合血清CA19-9、CEA检测对壶腹周围癌的早期诊断价值。结果 ①CT、MRCP检查壶腹周围癌优于US检查;②87例壶腹周围癌血清CEA的差异有统计学意义（χ²=9.97,P<0.05）,CA19-9差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.11,P>0.05）;③CT、MRCP、US检查与血清CA19-9、CEA检测的联合使壶腹周围癌的诊断准确率得到提高。结论 CT、MRCP、US检查联合血清CA19-9、CEA检测可以提高壶腹周围癌的早期诊断水平,为临床制定治疗方案提供帮助。     

保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术治疗壶腹周围癌的Meta分析

目的：评价保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术（PPPD）治疗壶腹周围癌的疗效及安全性。方法检索1980年1月1日至2013年11月18日Cochrane libriary、Embase、Pubmed、Ovid、Web of science及中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）等数据库公开发表的比较PPPD和胰十二指肠切除术（PD）治疗壶腹周围癌的随机对照研究,通过纳入和排除标准筛选文献,采用Cochrane 系统评价员手册中RCT的偏倚风险评价标准评价纳入研究的方法学质量,分析软件为RevMan5．2。结果共有7篇随机对照研究被纳入。结果显示,与PD组相比,PPPD组的术中出血量（MD＝－200．10,95％ CI：－400．66～0．46,P＝0．05）、手术时间（MD＝－46．55,95％ CI：－91．02～－2．07,P＝0．04）及围手术期输血量（MD＝－0．89,95％ CI：－1．59～－0．19,P＝0．01）均明显减少,而胰漏、胆漏、肠瘘、腹腔脓肿、术后出血、伤口感染及手术死亡率等并发症以及生存率的差异无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。结论 PPPD治疗壶腹周围癌疗效确切且安全性好,能够获得与PD相当的生存率。     

323例简化捆绑式胰肠吻合的临床疗效

目的 探讨简化捆绑式胰肠吻合的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年3月至2010年5月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院实施根治性胰十二指肠切除术治疗323例壶腹部周围癌患者的临床资料.胰肠吻合均采用简化的捆绑式胰肠吻合:胰腺断端游离3～4 cm;将6号或8号硅胶导尿管插入胰管内4～5 cm,胰腺断端外硅胶管为6～8 cm,用可吸收缝线将其缝合固定在胰腺断端上;胰腺断端交锁缝合止血.将空肠断端外翻2～3 cm,电灼损伤黏膜1 cm;回复外翻空肠,在空肠断端的系膜及其对侧和两者的中点与胰腺的下缘、上缘及其之间的胰腺被膜各对称性地缝合1针;并将空肠套在胰腺断端后打结固定.在确定空肠完整地套在胰腺游离段上后,用1-0可吸收线将空肠断端捆绑在胰腺游离段上.消化道重建均采用Child法.结果 323例患者顺利完成了简化的捆绑式胰肠吻合;1例胰肠吻合口出血患者于缝扎出血点后第3天发生胰瘘,置管引流出院1个月后自行痊愈.2例胆总管下端癌和2例胰腺钩突部癌患者分别于术后3、6和8、11 d发生胰瘘,经引流等保守治疗后痊愈.胰瘘发生率为1.5%(5/323).结论 简化的捆绑式胰肠吻合简单易行、安全、可靠,可明显降低胰瘘的发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the methods and techniques of simplified binding pancreaticojejunostomy for patients with periampullary malignant tumor after radical pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD). Methods From March 2005 to May 2010, 323 patients with periampullary malignant tumor received RPD at the Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Simplified binding pancreaticojejunostomy was applied after RPD: the distal end of pancreas was freed for 3-4 cm;a No. 6 or No. 8 silicone urinary catheter was inserted into the pancreatic duct for 4-5 cm, and the remaining urinary catheter (6-8 cm) out of the pancreatic duct was sutured to the pancreatic stump with absorbable sutures.The cutting end of the jejunum (2-3 cm) was everted, and the everted mucosa of the jejunum ( 1 cm) was injured by electrocautery, then the everted jejunum was reverted to its normal position. The cutting end of the mesentery of jejunum and its opposite side, as well as the mid-point of these two parts were sutured symmetrically with the lower and upper edges of the pancreas, and with the capsule of pancreas between them. The everted jejunum was wrapped over the pancreatic stump and sutured it to the pancreas for fixation. The cutting end of the jejunum was bound to the pancreatic stump with 1-0 absorbable suture after confirming the jejunum was completely invaginated into the pancreas. The alimentary tract was reconstructed by using Child's method. Results Simplified binding pancreaticojejunostomy was successfully completed in all patients, Pancreatic fistula was detected in one patient who was complicated with anastomotic bleeding on the third day after secondary laparotomy. The patient was discharged with catheter and spontaneously recovered one month later. Pancreatic fistula was also detected in two patients with distal bile duct carcinoma and two patients with carcinoma in the uncinate process of pancreas at postoperative day 3, 6, 8 and 11, and they were cured by expectant treatment. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was 1.5% (5/323). Conclusion Simplified binding pancreaticojejunostomy is simple, safe and feasible, and it can significantly reduce the incidence of pancreatic fistula.     

Periampullary choledochoduodenal fistula in ampullary carcinoma

Most patients with ampullary carcinoma have obstructive jaundice without cholangitis. We experienced a patient with ampullary carcinoma who presented with obstructive jaundice and cholangitis, probably because of an accompanying periampullary choledochoduodenal fistula. A 77-year-old Japanese man had jaundice, high fever, and upper abdominal pain and was diagnosed, at another hospital, with obstructive cholangitis. On admission to our hospital, his symptoms and signs had subsided spontaneously. Abdominal ultrasonography showed cholecystolithiasis and dilatation of the common bile duct. Duodenoscopy showed an ulcerating tumor at the oral prominence of the ampulla of Vater and a periampullary choledochoduodenal fistula at the bottom of the ulcer. Biopsy from the fistula showed well differentiated adenocarcinoma. With a diagnosis of ampullary carcinoma with fistula formation, the patient underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology. This communication presents a unique case of ampullary carcinoma that caused obstructive jaundice, which subsided spontaneously but was associated with cholangitis caused by the divergent effects of the periampullary choledochoduodenal fistula formed by the carcinoma. Received: September 5, 2000 / Accepted: December 22, 2000