2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的调查分析2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,探讨其影响因素并为卫生管理提供技术支持。方法依据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,检测集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌、β-溶血性链球菌及PM10,风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数、积尘量,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌。结果丰台区集中空调通风系统送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、PM10合格率分别为61.42%、88.89%、100.00%、90.91%,风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为100.00%、100.00%、99.20%,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为98.20%,血清分型以LP1型为主。集中空调送风中细菌总数存在着明显的季节性差异（χ^2=12.338,P〈0.01）,而送风中真菌、PM10未见明显的季节性差异（χ^2=3.155,P〉0.05;χ^2=6.976,P〉0.05）。不同类型集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌未见明显差异（χ^2=5.782,P〉0.05;χ^2=2.653,P〉0.05）。结论细菌总数、真菌总数、PM10是丰台区集中空调送风卫生质量的主要影响因素,应加强集中空调管理,定期清洗消毒,并主动开展卫生委托监测。     

煤矿区大气污染与儿童呼吸道疾病住院人数的时间序列分析

目的评价神木县大气污染与儿童呼吸道感染住院人数的关系。方法收集2009年11月至2012年10月间神木县的气象因素（气温、相对湿度）和环境因素：二氧化硫（SO,）、二氧化氮（NO：）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）,以及16岁及以下儿童的住院资料。利用SAS9．3对气象、环境因素和住院人数资料进行描述性分析,并判断主要污染物。利用R3．0．1统计软件的建立Poisson回归的广义相加模型,引入大气污染物浓度及气象因素拟合线性模型,并考虑其滞后效应,评价主要大气污染物对儿童呼吸道感染住院的相对危险度。结果神木县的首要污染物为PM10,PM10与空气污染指数（API）的相关系数为0．917,P〈0．01。在控制了长期趋势、“星期几效应”、气象因素及其它污染物的影响后发现,首要大气污染物PM10浓度每上升10μg／m3时,每日呼吸道感染住院患儿的上呼吸道相对危险度（RR）及其95％可信区间（95％cx）为1．002（0．996～1．007）,t=0．589,P=0．556;下呼吸道为1．000（0．995～1．005）,t=-0．007,P=0．995。当日或滞后1～10日内PM10浓度变化均不能显著改变儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院率。结论神木县首要污染物PM10浓度变化对儿童上、下呼吸道感染的住院情况无明显影响。     

Investigation of inflammation inducing substances in PM2.5 particles by an elimination method using thermal decomposition

The substances associated with PM2.5‐induced inflammatory response were investigated using an elimination method. PM2.5 were heated at temperatures of 120, 250, and 360°C. The results demonstrated microbial substances such as LPS and b‐glucan, and chemicals including BaP, 1,2‐NQ, and 9,10‐PQ were reduced drastically in PM2.5 heated at 120°C. On the other hand, DBA, 7,12‐BAQ, and BaP‐1,6‐Q were not noticeably reduced. Most of these substances had disappeared in PM2.5 heated at 250°C and 360°C. Metals (eg, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni) in PM2.5 exhibited a slight thermo‐dependent increase. RAW264.7 macrophages with or without NAC were exposed to unheated PM2.5, oxidative stress‐related and unrelated inflammatory responses were induced. PM2.5‐induced lung inflammation in mice is caused mainly by thermo‐sensitive substances (LPS, b‐glucan, BaP, 1,2‐NQ, 9,10‐PQ, etc.). Also, a slight involvement of thermo‐resistant substances (DBA, 7,12‐BAQ, BaP‐1,6‐Q, etc.) and transition metals was observed. The thermal decomposition method could assist to evaluate the PM2.5‐induded lung inflammation.     

Regression calibration for models with two predictor variables measured with error and their interaction,using instrumental variables and longitudinal data

Regression calibration provides a way to obtain unbiased estimators of fixed effects in regression models when one or more predictors are measured with error. Recent development of measurement error methods has focused on models that include interaction terms between measured‐with‐error predictors, and separately, methods for estimation in models that account for correlated data. In this work, we derive explicit and novel forms of regression calibration estimators and associated asymptotic variances for longitudinal models that include interaction terms, when data from instrumental and unbiased surrogate variables are available but not the actual predictors of interest. The longitudinal data are fit using linear mixed models that contain random intercepts and account for serial correlation and unequally spaced observations. The motivating application involves a longitudinal study of exposure to two pollutants (predictors) – outdoor fine particulate matter and cigarette smoke – and their association in interactive form with levels of a biomarker of inflammation, leukotriene E4 (LTE ₄, outcome) in asthmatic children. Because the exposure concentrations could not be directly observed, we used measurements from a fixed outdoor monitor and urinary cotinine concentrations as instrumental variables, and we used concentrations of fine ambient particulate matter and cigarette smoke measured with error by personal monitors as unbiased surrogate variables. We applied the derived regression calibration methods to estimate coefficients of the unobserved predictors and their interaction, allowing for direct comparison of toxicity of the different pollutants. We used simulations to verify accuracy of inferential methods based on asymptotic theory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西安市PM2.5污染现状及其对健康的影响

目的为了监测西安市大气中PM2.5污染状况与主要疾病的死亡率的关系。方珐采用网格式布点,分别在西安市东(碑林区)、南(雁塔区)、西(莲湖区)、北(未央区)四个城区及一个对照区(长安区),在采集采暖季及非采暖季西安市大气中PM2.5样本,采用增量法检测PM2.5污染状况。检索西安市主要疾病近年发病率资料和相应年份的PM2.5监测数据,进行相关分析。结果西安市PM2.5浓度在采暖季(358.22±173.52)μg/m~3显著高于非采暖季(195.53±172.83)μg/m~3,且采暖季PM2.5超标率亦明显高于非采暖季,分别为95.61%和70.21%。采暖季As污染(178.94±44.99)ng/m~3明显高于非采暖季(104.80±42.49)ng/m~3,Pb污染无明显季节性变化,分别为(214.5士150.96)ng/m~3和(209.62±50.02)ng/m~3,但与2011年采暖季比较,2012年采暖季Pb、As污染明显加重,分别为(258.46±62.56)ng/m~3、(178.94±44.99)ng/m~3和(214.5±150.96)ng/m~3、(142.39±31.26)ng/m~3。检索2004年1月1日至2011年12月31目的每日居民死亡人数(包括总死亡人数和疾病别死亡人数)与西安市2004年至2012年PM2.5浓度监测结果,相关性分析显示,COPD、下呼吸道感染、冠心病、中风的死亡率均呈上升趋势.且与PM2.5浓度存在一定的相关性,但无统计学差异(PO.05)。结论西安市采暖季PM2.5污染浓度显著高于非采暖季;PM2.5的污染加剧是西安市居民心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病的死亡率升高的原因之一。     

标准桃金娘油减轻PM2.5致大鼠气道黏液纤毛的损伤

目的观察大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)致大鼠气道黏液纤毛清除系统的损伤作用及标准桃金娘油干预的影响。方法将大鼠分成对照组(N组)、PM2.5暴露组(PM组)、标准桃金娘油干预组(PM+CS组),分别予以吸入净化空气、暴露石家庄室外空气(PM2.5浓度的范围29.90 mg/m^3~99.65 mg/m^3)、标准桃金娘油混悬液300 mg/(kg·d)灌胃。于3和6个月各处死大鼠8只,气管及肺组织行HE和AB-PAS染色;扫描电镜观察纤毛超微结构;计数BALF中细胞及分类;RT-qPCR测定黏蛋白(MUC)5AC mRNA和水通道蛋白(AQP)5 mRNA表达;免疫组化、Western blot测定MUC5AC蛋白表达。结果PM组肺及气管组织炎性损伤及黏液细胞化生明显;气管纤毛黏连、倒伏及缺失、排列稀疏、紊乱,BALF中白细胞总数、中性粒细胞计数和中性粒细胞百分比显著高于N组(P<0.05);MUC5AC mRNA相对表达量显著高于N组(P<0.05);AQP5 mRNA相对表达量显著低于N组(P<0.05);MUC5AC蛋白表达显著高于N组(P<0.05)。与PM组相比,标准桃金娘油可减轻上述损伤作用(P<0.05)。结论标准桃金娘油可通过减轻PM2.5致大鼠的纤毛结构损伤、黏液高分泌和炎性损伤作用,对黏液纤毛清除系统起保护作用。     

Qualitative cross-cultural exploration of vaginal bleeding/spotting symptoms and impacts associated with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women to inform the development of new patient-reported measurement tools

Objectives

To understand the vaginal bleeding/spotting experiences of postmenopausal (PM) women taking estrogen plus progestin therapies (EPT) and develop measures to assess these symptoms and their impact on women's daily lives in four countries.

Design

(1) Concept elicitation interviews were conducted with PM women in the US (n = 14), Italy (n = 15), Mexico (n = 15) and China (n = 15) to explore vaginal bleeding/spotting symptoms associated with EPT. The Post-Menopausal Bleeding Questionnaire (PMBQ) was also debriefed to evaluate understanding and comprehensiveness. (2) Based on concept elicitation, a single item electronic daily diary was developed and the PMBQ modified to form a 12-item impact measure. (3) The measures were pilot-tested and then cognitively debriefed with US women receiving EPT. All qualitative data was subject to thematic analysis.

Main outcome measures

The Vaginal Bleeding/Spotting Daily Diary, (VBS-DD) and Post-Menopausal Bleeding Impact Questionnaire (PMBIQ) were developed in this study.

Results

Concept elicitation identified vaginal bleeding and spotting as important symptoms for women taking EPT, impacting their emotional wellbeing, social life, ability to move freely, clothing and sexual activity. Based on pilot testing and cognitive debriefing, women demonstrated good understanding of the VBS-DD and the PMBQ was reduced to 10 items due to conceptual redundancy.

Conclusions

Women taking EPT in the US, China, Mexico and Italy reported vaginal bleeding/spotting symptoms that have a detrimental impact on their quality of life. Two new measures were developed to assess the severity and impact of vaginal bleeding/spotting specific to EPT. This work highlights the need for EPT-related symptoms to be a part of treatment decision-making.     

Effect of ‘Q’ Ratio on Texture Evolution of Ti-3Al-2.5V Alloy Tube during Rolling

Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy was usually the α phase of HCP structure at room temperature which had obvious anisotropy. During tube rolling, α grain would be influenced by stress-strain state, deformation amount, ‘Q’ ratio to result the preferred orientation and formed texture. In order to obtain radial texture tube by rolling and improve the service quality of tube in the pipeline system, Φ25 mm Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy tubes was selected as billet for the experiment, and four kinds of tubes with outer diameter of Φ16mm was produced by single pass cold rolling with ‘Q’ ratios ranging from 0.65 to 2.0. The effect of ‘Q’ ratio on the texture of Ti-3Al-2.5V tube was studied. The result indicted that the initial texture of the tube is radial-circumferential equally distributed, and the radial basal texture enhances gradually with increasing ‘Q’ ratio. Since the angle between the C-axis of grain and the radial axis of RD decreases, the C-axis of grain distributes to the radial direction, and the more grain orientation from {112X} pyramidal to {0001} basal plane. The different ‘Q’ ratio would lead to different strain along the radial direction, circumferential direction, axial direction, thus affected the crystal orientation and distribution during tube rolling deformation. When ‘Q’ > 1, the tube mainly produced radial basal texture. By comparison with ‘Q’ < 1, the tube mainly produced circumferential basal texture. As a result, when the initial texture of the tube is radial-circumferential equally distributed, the ideal radial texture of the tube can be obtained by choosing rolling process with ‘Q’ > 2.0.