Crosstalk Between Mucosal Inflammation and Bone Metabolism in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial and highly heterogeneous upper airway disease that affects approximately 12% of the general population. There is increasing evidence supporting the impact of osteitis on the pathophysiology of CRS. Osteitis is frequently observed in patients with CRS, and is associated with severe sinonasal inflammation and recalcitrant cases. The overlying inflammatory sinonasal mucosa plays a critical role in the initiation of osteitis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. Increasingly many studies have suggested that immune cells play a crucial role in the bone remodeling process in CRS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the specific role of sinonasal inflammation in bone remodeling in CRS patients.     

bBMP异位诱导成骨的组织学长期观察

目的长期观察并获得单纯牛骨形态发生蛋白(bovine bone morphogenetic protein,bBMP)异位诱导成骨的组织学变化。方法(20±2)g昆明小鼠21只,麻醉后于双侧股部肌肉中直接植入块状bBMP各2mg,分别于第1、2、4、6、8、10、12周各处死3只,切取诱导分化组织,5%戊二醛固定,标本用10%EDTA脱钙后制作5μm石蜡切片,分别行甲苯胺蓝染色,HE染色,丽春红三色染色观察组织学变化情况。结果植入1周,大量分化良好的间充质细胞和幼稚软骨细胞形成一椭圆形分化组织块;植入2周,大量骨小梁生成,部分骨小梁边缘骨化;植入4周,骨小梁转化为成熟的骨质,骨质中有散在于骨细胞中的破骨细胞生成;植入6~12周,椭圆形骨组织块内部小梁骨逐渐吸收、断裂、不连接,但外周骨质逐渐塑形,局部成熟骨质周边仍伴有新生骨形成。结论bBMP无需任何载体即可在肌肉中异位成骨,具有强大的异位骨诱导能力;血供在异位骨的形成和维持中可能起着重要作用。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对大鼠破骨细胞凋亡和分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响

目的:观察益骨胶囊含药血清对体外培养的大鼠破骨细胞(OC)分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和凋亡的影响。方法:(1)将20只12月龄SD大鼠随机分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水灌胃组, 制备含药血清和对照血清;(2)分离培养新生SD大鼠OC, 加血清培养后, 重氮盐法检测TRAP, 倒置显微镜下观察OC存活数及荧光染色法观察OC凋亡情况。结果:与空白血清组比较, 含药血清组在24h、48h和72h时TRAP的活性均明显降低, OC存活数明显降低, 凋亡比率明显高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:益骨胶囊含药血清可以抑制体外培养OC分泌TRAP, 诱导OC凋亡, 提示这可能是该方防治骨质疏松的机理之一。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中破骨细胞活性和凋亡的影响

目的： 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠破骨细胞（OC）活性和凋亡的影响。 方法： (1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞（OB），取5d龄SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养OC，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为含药血清组和对照组；（2）将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组，制备含药血清和对照血清；（3）重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）和光镜观察骨陷窝数；（4）光镜和荧光显微镜下观察共育体系中OC凋亡情况。 结果： 含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h对成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRACP的活性均明显降低于对照组，OC的存活数明显低于对照组，OC的凋亡率明显高于对照组且呈明显的时效关系；所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。 结论： 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性，诱导破骨细胞的凋亡。     

硼替佐米对多发性骨髓瘤患者破骨细胞生成的影响及机制研究

目的:观察多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者破骨细胞在体外诱导分化成熟过程中,硼替佐米(Bortezomib,Btzmb)对其分化和功能的影响,以及破骨细胞分化过程中上游关键信号分子肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)的改变.方法:患者外周血单个核细胞在经核因子KB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-kB ligand,RANKL)及巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macmphage colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)诱导后向破骨细胞分化过程中,采用不同剂量的Btzmb进行处理,观察抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrateresistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色阳性的破骨细胞数量,检测培养液中的TRAP活性,并观察骨片上骨陷窝数量的变化.采用Westem印迹和RT-PCR法,分析Btzmb对破骨前体细胞中TRAF6蛋白和mRNA的影响.结果:2.5和5 nmol/L Btzmb组破骨细胞数量分别为(157±21)和(98±15)个,较对照组(307±25)明显减少(P均＜0.05),骨陷窝形成数量分别为对照组的(53±24)%和(29±7)%(P均＜0.05),上清液中破骨细胞活性分别为对照组的(86±24)%和(60±25)%(P均＜0.05).破骨前体细胞经Btzmb处理后观察24 h,TRAF6蛋白活性逐渐降低,TRAF6 mRNA水平也有所下降.结论:Btzmb抑制MM患者破骨细胞的分化和功能,该作用可能与TRAF6有关.     

Inhibitory effect of salmon calcitonin on bone resorption: Morphological study of the tibial growth plate in rats

Summary Salmon calcitonin (sCT) at doses of 100 and 50 UI given subcutaneously to growing rats produced in vivo evidence of osteoclastic activity inhibition. Histological assessment was carried out by measuring the perichondrial ring of Lacroix height, and a dose-correlated effect was found. These aspects were coupled with an increase in the osteoclast number and suggested that in studies with bone resorption inhibitors, morphological evaluation based on osteoclasts count is not reliable. The changes of the metaphysis suggested also that sCT affects the activity of hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate. Plasma calcium levels did not differ significantly between treated rats and controls; an increased phosphatemia was observed in sCT-treated animals.     

Potent inhibitory effect of naturally occurring flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol on in vitro osteoclastic bone resorption

Several recent studies have suggested that flavonols, a class of phytochemicals with many biological activities, might exert a protective effect against post-menopausal bone loss. In the present study, we investigated the effects of quercetin and kaempferol, two of the major naturally occurring flavonols on the in vitro bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts. Our results indicate that both compounds, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 microM reduce bone resorption in a time and dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibitory effects were observed at concentrations as low as 0.1 microM especially with kaempferol. The IC(50)s, or concentration inhibitory of 50% of basal resorption, calculated for quercetin and kaempferol were 1.6 and 5.3 microM, respectively. Using highly purified rabbit osteoclasts, we showed that both flavonols directly induce apoptosis of mature osteoclasts in the same dose-range effective for inhibiting bone resorption. When osteoclasts were treated with 50 microM of quercetin and kaempferol, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels decreased significantly by 75 and 25%, respectively, indicating these molecules keep their antioxidant properties at this concentration. However, at concentrations below 50 microM, neither quercetin nor kaempferol exerted antiradical action, suggesting that antioxidant properties cannot fully explain the inhibitory effect on bone resorption. Finally, we report that kaempferol-, but not the quercetin-induced inhibition of bone resorption was partially abolished by the presence of the pure anti-estrogen ICI 182780 suggesting that kaempferol's estrogenic effect could be involved in the inhibition of bone resorption. The present study demonstrates that flavonols widely distributed in human diet such as quercetin and kaempferol, exert a potent inhibitory effect on in vitro bone resorption.     

氟致骨组织中细胞核转录因子-κB相关基因表达改变与破骨细胞凋亡的关系

目的 探讨慢性氟中毒大鼠骨骼损伤时细胞核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)相关基因表达改变与破骨细胞凋亡的关系,深入研究氟骨症的发病机制.方法 健康SD大鼠36只,体质量100 ～ 120 9,按体质量随机分为3组,每组12只.对照组饮用自来水(含氟量＜1 mg/L),低氟组和高氟组分别饮用含5、50 mg/L氟化钠的自来水.大鼠饲养8个月,建立慢性氟中毒模型,股动脉放血处死.取大鼠股骨干骺端,光镜观察骨组织形态学改变;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP 5b)水平;采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定破骨细胞并计数;采用Real-time PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测骨组织中p50、IKBα和凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果 染氟大鼠股骨干骺端呈骨质硬化表现.低氟组血清TRACP 5b水平、破骨细胞数[(3.45±1.85)U/L、(6.75±1.29)个/切片]显著高于对照组[(1.26±0.23)U/L、(3.92±1.38)个/切片,P均＜0.05],高氟组[(2.74±1.85) U/L、(3.33±1.07)个/切片]较低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).低氟组p50、IκBα、Bcl-2、Bax mRNA表达水平(4.41±0.44、1.15±0.25、2.02±0.11、1.25±0.22)显著高于对照组(1.46±0.10、0.26±0.07、1.00±0.06、0.74±0.09,P均＜0.05),高氟组(0.69±0.09、0.14±0.03、0.95±0.08、0.62±0.08)较低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).低氟组p50、IκBα蛋白表达水平(152.96±7.87、156.20±9.75)显著高于对照组(125.63±9.85、118.97±6.94,P均＜0.05),高氟组(120.56±9.57、114.50±7.61)较低氟组降低(P均＜ 0.05);低氟组Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达水平(170.61±6.60、160.77±7.66)和Bcl-2/Bax比值(1.07±0.08)较对照组(110.73±5.27、114.64±5.83、0.96±0.04)升高(P均＜0.05),高氟组(81.70±8.00、99.93±3.83、0.81±0.08)较对照组和低氟组降低(P均＜0.05).p50、IκBα蛋白表达水平与Bcl-2/Bax比值呈正相关关系(r值分别为0.587、0.676,P均＜0.05).结论 慢性氟中毒可引起骨组织NF-KB相关基因表达改变以及破骨细胞凋亡,氟骨症的机制可能与NF-κB p50和IKBα表达改变引起的破骨细胞凋亡失常有关.