国产四类新药盐酸格拉司琼注射液与恩丹西酮预防化疗引起的恶心和呕吐的疗效比较

目的 验证国产盐酸格拉司琼注射预防恶性肿瘤患者化疗所致恶心与呕吐的有效性和安全性。方法 对６９例接受以顺铂为主化疗和４０例接受以蒽环类抗肿瘤药为主化疗的恶性肿瘤患者,采用前瞻性多中心随机对照试验,比较国产格拉司琼和国产上市恩丹西酮预防化疗所致恶心与呕吐的疗效和不良反应。结果 格拉司琼和恩丹西酮对预防强致吐和中度致叶化疗药物所致的急性和迟发性恶心与呕吐的疗效基本相同;不良反应变基本相似,以便秘、疲倦     

三种药物防治胃肠肿瘤化疗所致呕吐的临床研究

目的：评价三种药物防治胃肠肿瘤化疗所致呕吐的价值。方法：９０名患者随机分成三组,灭吐灵组（Ａ组）,吗丁啉组（Ｂ组）,枢丹组（Ｃ组）。应用５－Ｆｕ＋ＬＶ方案化疗５天,观察５天内三种药物的止吐效果。结果：Ａ和Ｂ、Ｃ组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,Ｂ和Ｃ比较无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：Ｂ组副作用少,疗效高,建议临床推广使用吗丁啉。     

Effect of intravenous ondansetron on QTc interval in children with gastroenteritis

Background

The potential for ondansetron to cause QT prolongation and fatal dysrhythmia is well-reported, including a 2011 FDA report on the topic. Few clinical trials evaluating this phenomenon in the ED setting exist, and only one is pediatric.

Ondansetron attenuates hepatic injury via p38 MAPK-dependent pathway in a rat haemorrhagic shock model

Background

Ondansetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with potent antiemetic, analgesic, and antiphlogistic effects. Recent evidence suggests that the co-existence of 5-HT3 receptors in various cell types is involved in inflammation. However, the effects that 5-HT3 antagonists produce in haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that ondansetron administration in male rats, after haemorrhagic shock, decreases cytokine production and protects against hepatic injury through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent haemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure 40 mmHg for 90 min), followed by resuscitation. Various doses of ondansetron (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg kg⁻¹) or a single dose of ondansetron (1 mg kg⁻¹) with or without a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580, 2 mg kg⁻¹) or vehicle were administered intravenously during resuscitation. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations and various liver proinflammatory parameters were measured at 24 h after resuscitation.

Results

Results show that haemorrhagic shock increases plasma AST and ALT concentrations, hepatic myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, CINC-3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels. These parameters were significantly improved in the ondansetron-treated rats subjected to haemorrhagic shock. Ondansetron treatment restored phos-p38 MAPK expression as compared with vehicle-treated haemorrhaged rats. Coadministration of SB-203580 prevented the beneficial effects of ondansetron on postresuscitation proinflammatory responses and hepatic injury.

Conclusion

Ondansetron attenuates hepatic injury following haemorrhagic shock, which is, at least in part, to be due to its anti-inflammatory effect via p38 MAPK signal pathway.     

Ondansetron versus dehydrobenzoperidol and metoclopramide for management of postoperative nausea in laparoscopic surgery patients.

BACKGROUND: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we compared the efficacy of ondansetron versus dehydrobenzoperidol (droperidol) or metoclopramide in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting in 200 adult patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: One hundred seventy-three American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients satisfied inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven patients received ondansetron 4 mg (group O), 57 patients were given droperidol 1.25 mg (group D), and 59 patients received metoclopramide 10 mg (group M). Antiemetic efficacy was compared at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after the administration of the study drug. RESULTS: At 10 minutes, nausea scores in group O dropped from 8.3 to 3.7, in group D from 8.5 to 5, and in group M from 8.4 to 6.7; (P < 0.05 between the three groups). At 30 minutes, nausea scores were 1.3 in group O, 1.7 in group D, and 5 in group M; (P < 0.05 between group M and the other two groups). In the droperidol group, 25% of patients developed sedation. Patient satisfaction was best with ondansetron. CONCLUSIONS: Both ondansetron and droperidol were more effective in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting than was metoclopramide. However, patients were satisfied best with ondansetron, which acts faster and causes less sedation than droperidol.     

胸外科术后联合应用芬太尼与恩丹西酮镇痛的疗效观察

目的观察在胸外科术后应用一次性微量泵持续静脉输注芬太尼加恩丹西酮的镇痛效果。方法140例患者随机分为两组,实验组接受芬太尼加恩丹西酮镇痛,对照组应用间断肌肉注射吗啡镇痛。结果两种镇痛方法术后1h、2h、12h、24h、48h镇痛效果差异非常显著(P<0.01),术后48h内两组睡眠时间分别为17.12±1.2h和8.14±1.13h,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。术后48h内两组呕吐例数分别为试验组2例,对照组19例,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。两组呼吸功能对比差异无显著性(P>0.01)。结论胸外科术后应用一次性微量泵持续静脉输注芬太尼加恩丹西酮镇痛的效果优于间断肌肉注射吗啡。     

足叶乙甙与昂丹司琼、格拉司琼配伍稳定性的研究

目的 研究足叶乙甙分别与昂丹司琼、格拉司琼在生理盐水中配合的稳定性。方法 采用紫外分光光度法考察足叶乙甙与昂丹司琼、格拉司琼在8h内的吸收度变化情况，同时观察外观、pH值并作薄层层析检查。结果 在室温条件下，足叶乙甙与昂丹司琼、格拉司琼在0～8h内外观稳定，特征峰吸收度、pH值无明显变化，薄层层析检查无新物质产生。结论 足叶乙甙与昂丹司琼、格拉司琼在生理盐水中可以配伍使用。     

Comparison of the efficacy and side-effects of ondansetron and metoclopramide-diphenhydramine administered to control nausea and vomiting in children treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a prospective randomized study

Nausea and vomiting following antineoplastic therapy in patients receiving chemotherapy remains a problem. To prevent nausea and vomiting due to antineoplastic therapy, many types of drugs have been used. Ondansetron and the combination metoclopramide-diphenhydramine have been widely used in children. In this prospective randomized study these drugs were compared both for their efficacy and side-effects in children treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy (with and without cisplatin) the number of chemotherapy courses being equal in both groups. Ondansetron gave complete anti-emetic cover in five of nine courses in patients treated with cisplatin. Metoclopramide-diphenhydramine gave complete anti-emetic cover in one out of nine courses, and 17 out of 23 courses in patients treated without cisplatin. Metoclopramide-diphenhydramine produced side effects in nine courses whereas ondansetron produced side-effects in three courses. Conclusion Ondansetron appeared to be superior to metoclopramide-diphenhydramine in the control of emesis induced by chemotherapy regimens containing cisplatin. The results of the present prospective randomized study indicate that ondansetron is a useful anti-emetic in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Received: 17 May 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 23 December 1997     

恩丹西酮（齐鲁）预防顺铂所致呕吐的：Ⅲ期临床研究

目的进一步确定恩丹西酮（齐鲁）的临床应用价值及改进的用药方案。方法多中心协作研究,观察单用恩丹西酮和恩丹西酮合并地塞米松对顺铂（每次３０ｍｇ～２００ｍｇ）所致呕吐的预防效果。结果３３０例接受恩丹西酮、４４３例接受恩丹西酮加地塞米松治疗。结果对急性恶心有效率分别为７３．３％和８０．８％,对急性呕吐有效率分别为８６．７％和９４．８％,第１天平均呕吐次数分别为０．９和０．５次,表明加用地塞米松可显著提高对急性恶心呕吐有效率。但对迟发性呕吐的疗效相似。此外,单用恩丹西酮８ｍｇ静脉注射也能取得疗效。结论该药对预防顺铂所致呕吐疗效突出,改进的方案用法简便,可减少用药次数,疗效好。