Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutants from water using seeding type immobilized microorganisms

Objective To study the possibility of removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutants using seeding type immobilized microorganisms. Methods Lakes P and M in Wuhan were chosen as the objects to study the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutants with the seeding type immobilized microorganisms. Correlations between the quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and the total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, and total organic carbon （TOC） in the two lakes were studied. The dominant bacteria were detected, inoculated to the sludge and acclimated by increasing nitrogen, phosphorus and decreasing carbon source in an intermittent, time-controlled and fixed-quantity way. The bacteria were then used to prepare the seeding type immobilized microorganisms, selecting diatomite as the adsorbent cartier. The ability and influence factors of removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutant from water samples by the seeding type immobilized microorganisms were studied. Results The coefficients of the heterotrophic bacterial quantity correlated with TOC, TP, and TN were 0.9143, 0.8229, 0.7954 in Lake P and 0.9168, 0.7187, 0.6022 in Lake M. Ten strains of dominant heterotrophic bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Coccus, Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Enterobateriaceae, separately, were isolated. The appropriate conditions for the seeding type immobilized microorgansims in purifying the water sample were exposure time=24 h, pH=7.0-8.0, and quantity of the immobilized microorganisms=0.75-1g/50 mL. The removal rates of TOC, TP, and TN under the above conditions were 80.2%, 81.6%, and 86.8%, respectively. Conclusion The amount of heterotrophic bacteria in the two lakes was correlated with TOC, TP, and TN. These bacteria could be acclimatized and prepared for the immobilized microorganisms which could effectively remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and mixed organic pollutants in the water sample.     

尿毒净液治疗慢性肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的:观察尿毒净液治疗慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)的临床疗效。方法:将80例CRF住院患者随机分为治疗组50例和对照组(单用西药)30例,2组均给予控制血压、纠正酸中毒、水电解质紊乱、优质低蛋白、低磷饮食及对症处理,治疗组加用尿毒净液50mL,每日2次,或尿毒净液200mL保留灌肠,每日1次,以临床主要症状、血肌酐、尿素氮含量和内生肌酐清除率为观察指标,2个月为1个疗程,3个疗程后比较2组疗效。结果:治疗组的各项指标均明显优于对照组。结论:尿毒净液能有效延缓CRF进程,提高患者生存质量和生存期,值得临床推广应用。     

Comparison of measured and predicted energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated children

Objective: To determine the energy requirements in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients using indirect calorimetry and to compare the results with the predicted metabolic rate. Design: In 50 mechanically ventilated children with a moderate severity of illness, energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Daily caloric intake was recorded for all patients. Total urinary nitrogen excretion was determined in 31 patients. Results: Although there was a close correlation between the measured total energy expenditure (mTEE) and the predicted basal metabolic rate (pBMR) (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), Bland–Altman analysis showed lack of agreement between individual mTEE and pBMR values. The ratio of caloric intake/mTEE was significantly higher in the patients with a positive nitrogen balance (1.4 ± 0.07) compared with those with a negative nitrogen balance (0.8 ± 0.1; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Standard prediction equations are not appropriate to calculate the energy needs of critically ill, mechanically ventilated children. Individual measurements of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient by means of indirect calorimetry in combination with nitrogen balance are necessary for matching adequate nutritional support. Received: 27 June 1997 Accepted: 12 February 1998     

早期快速增加氨基酸剂量对早产儿氮平衡及生长的影响

目的了解快速增加氨基酸剂量对早产儿的影响,评价其有效性及安全性,探讨合理的早产儿氨基酸应用方案。方法2011年11月至2013年1月出生体重1000～1800g、出生24h内人住本院的早产儿,根据随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组。两组患儿均在出生后24h内开始静脉营养,氨基酸起始剂量均为1.5g/（kg·d）,研究组每天增加1g／,kg,对照组每天增加0．5g／kg,终点目标达到3．5g／（kg·d）。脂肪乳、葡萄糖及电解质的应用均按本院静脉营养方案执行。研究遵循双盲原则。结果共纳入早产儿37例,研究组18例,对照组19例。两组早产儿的胎龄、出生体重、头国等人口学特征相似,宫内感染、窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征等合并症差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。接受静脉营养5d内两组早产儿氮平衡状态差异无统计学意义（F=0．025,P=0．652）,但研究组恢复出生体重的时间（7．23±2．48）d显著早于对照组（9．42±2．03）d（t=-2．090、P=0．044）。其他指标包括完全喂养的时间、体重增长速度、头围增长速度、平均住院日、住院费用两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,常见并发症包括新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、败血症、机械通气、肝肾功能异常发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。接受不同剂量氨基酸对研究组和对照组早产儿每天的热量摄入无影响（F=1．893,P=0．218）。结论早产儿需尽早供给氨基酸,起始剂量宜高于1．5g/（kg·d）,快速增加氨基酸剂量未影响早产儿早期的氮平衡状态,但有助于早产儿体重增长,且不增加并发症和住院负担。     

A mini me?: Exploring early childhood diet with stable isotope ratio analysis using primary teeth dentin

Objectives

Reconstruct childhood diet using teeth collected in Edmonton in a collaborative effort between the Departments of Dentistry and Anthropology at the University of Alberta.

Methods

Deciduous teeth needing extraction were collected from 33 children for stable isotope ratio analysis of diet. Tooth dentin was microsampled in three locations using a newly developed technique to reconstruct the changing pattern of participants’ diet through early childhood including breastfeeding practices.

Results

The microsampling method can reconstruct diet with tiny samples (0.3 mg). The results reconstruct fetal isotope ratios, which showed significant variation. δ¹⁵N values indicate some children were being breastfed (7/17), while others were likely bottle fed (10/17). Surprisingly, the early childhood results do not show the range of diets expected in adults based on known eating habits. Toddler diets form a tight cluster implying diets of similar isotopic composition in almost all of the households despite potential cultural and class distinctions (δ¹⁵N values 11–11.5‰, δ¹³C values around −18‰). The δ¹³C values show a strong C₃ dependence for most children, a two outliers show C₄ (−12‰) dependence indicating a possible corn based diet.

Conclusions

Microsampling can potentially track each child's diet through early childhood. For this group of children, both breastfeeding and bottle feeding was practiced. However, the percent of breastfed infants was less than reported Canadian rates. Surprisingly, the choice to breastfeed or to bottle feed was not linked to the choice of toddler diet. All toddler diets were narrower in scope than adult diets.     

Mechanistic study of IR-780 dye as a potential tumor targeting and drug delivery agent

IR-780 iodide, a near-infrared fluorescent heptamethine dye, has been recently characterized to exhibit preferential accumulation property in the mitochondria of tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanisms for its tumor selective activity and its potential as a drug delivery carrier. Results showed that the energy-dependent uptake of IR-780 iodide into the mitochondria of tumor cells was affected by glycolysis and plasma membrane potential. Moreover, OATP1B3 subtype of organic anion transporter peptides (OATPs) may play a dominant role in the transportation of IR-780 iodide into tumor cells, while cellular endocytosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and the ATP-binding cassette transporters did not show significant influence to its accumulation. We further evaluated the potential of IR-780 iodide as a drug delivery carrier by covalent conjugation of IR-780 with nitrogen mustard (IR-780NM). In vivo imaging showed that IR-780NM remained the tumor targeting property, indicating that IR-780 iodide could be potentially applied as a drug delivery agent for cancer targeted imaging and therapy.     

长期大气二氧化氮暴露与心脑血管住院风险的因果关联研究

目的探讨长期大气二氧化氮(NO2)暴露与心脑血管住院的因果关联。方法依托我国"基于社区人群的健康队列"广州市子队列, 将2015年在广州市35个社区招募的36 271名成年参与者纳入研究, 收集基本人口学特征、生活行为方式、NO2暴露及心脑血管住院结局信息。采用基于逆概率加权的边际结构模型估计发病风险比(HR)及其95%CI。结果截至2020年12月31日共随访203 822人年, 调查对象的年龄为(50.9±17.8)岁, 心脑血管住院率为8.7%。2015-2020年, 研究对象年均NO2污染暴露为48.7 μg/m3。NO2长期暴露每增加10 μg/m3, 心脑血管、心血管及脑血管住院的HR值(95%CI)分别为1.33(1.16～1.52)、1.36(1.16～1.60)及1.25(1.00～1.55)。分层分析结果提示未婚/已婚、文化程度为初中/高中、高运动频率以及从未吸烟/当前吸烟人群可能更加易感。结论长期大气NO2暴露可增加心脑血管住院风险。     

滑膜炎胶囊对兔膝骨性关节炎组织病理学及NO、SOD、COMP等的影响

目的观察滑膜炎胶囊对模型兔膝骨性关节炎关节软骨的病理及一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、软骨寡聚基质蛋白(COMP)、关节软骨转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)等的影响。方法健康新西兰白兔35只,随机分为空白组、滑膜炎胶囊组、玻璃酸钠组和模型组。以改良Hulth法实施手术造模,造模成功后,各组分别按照设计程序予以处理。动物处死后分别采集血液与关节液,检测一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、软骨寡聚基质蛋白(COMP)等指标,并行关节软骨大体观察、组织病理形态学观察,及免疫组化染色法检测关节软骨转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)。结果与模型组比较,滑膜炎胶囊可以明显降低关节炎模型兔血清及关节液NO含量,降低血清COMP含量,提高关节软骨中TGF-β1表达,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);滑膜炎胶囊组在减少组织病理学评分方面也明显优于模型组(P0.01)。滑膜炎胶囊组与玻璃酸钠组各指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论从关节软骨的大体观察及HE染色、SO染色组织病理学光镜观察,兔膝骨性关节炎的造模成功;滑膜炎胶囊可有效延缓关节炎模型兔软骨退化。     

不同氧疗技术对急性氮气窒息大鼠治疗效果的评价

目的 评价不同氧疗技术对急性氮气窒息大鼠的治疗效果,以探讨更加适合急性氮气窒息患者的现场氧疗技术.方法 健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分成对照组、单纯染毒组、33%浓度氧吸氧组、50%浓度氧吸氧组和高压氧舱吸氧组,每组12只.将氮气与空气混合成为96%氮气浓度的气体充入染毒罐,染毒组大鼠在染毒罐中静式吸入此混合气体1 h.单纯染毒组大鼠于染毒后吸入常压空气1 h;高压氧治疗组将大鼠置于高压氧舱中,纯氧洗舱并进行高压氧(压力为0.2 MPa,氧浓度>90%)吸氧治疗1 h;其他2个染毒组大鼠分别置于33%氧浓度和50%氧浓度的氧疗罐中,吸氧1 h.比较对照组、单纯染毒组和各吸氧治疗组大鼠的行为学表现、动脉血氧分压(PO2)、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)和血氧饱和度(SPO2)、肝肾功能指标和心肌酶的变化情况.结果 各组大鼠在染毒后出现先兴奋后抑制的表现,氧疗后意识得到恢复.单纯染毒组大鼠PO2[(79.67±9.12)mm Hg]和SPO2[(94.92±2.78)mm Hg]明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);33%氧浓度组、50%氧浓度组、高压氧疗组大鼠PO2[分别为(94.75±7.24)、(94.92±8.98)、(104.58±7.12)mmHg]均较单纯染毒组明显增加,SPO2[分别为(97.17±0.83)、(96.92±1.16)、(97.42±0.67)mmHg]也有所升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);33%氧浓度组和50%氧浓度组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);高压氧组PO2较另外2个氧疗组增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高压氧组PCO2[(51.42±6.60)mm Hg]较50%浓度氧组[(44.58±3.42)mm Hg]增高,其他各组间PCO2的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).单纯染毒组大鼠天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)[(270.50±49.05)U/L]、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)[(122.67±55.44)U/L]、尿素氮(BUN)[(7.31±0.93)mmol/L]、肌酐(Cr)[(28.32±4.35)μmol/L以及肌酸激酶(CK)[(1808.42±582.05)U/L]和肌钙蛋白(CtnI)[(22.52±14.29)ng/ml]均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)[(1286.58±484.80)U/L]和α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)[(553.08±53.46)U/L]无明显变化.各种方式氧疗后以上各项指标有部分降低,而高压氧治疗组AST[(165.25±30.87)U/L]、HBDH[(350.83±103.00)U/L]和CTnI[(11.23±5.38)ng/ml]较33%浓度氧或50%浓度氧治疗组下降更为明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05 ).结论 及时有效的氧疗能够明显提高急性氮气窒息大鼠动脉PO2和SPO2,并且可以改善肝功能和心肌损害.而高压氧的使用更能够明显提高对氮气窒息大鼠的治疗效果.

Abstract：

Objective To Evaluate the effects of different oxygen therapies on the rats with acute nitrogen asphyxia and to study the best oxygen therapic protocol for patients with acute nitrogen asphyxia on the spot. Methods Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, exposure to nitrogen, 33% oxygen treatment, 50% oxygen treatment and hyperbaric oxygen treatment groups. The behavioral performance, arterial oxygen pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) and oxygen saturation (SPO2), biochemical changes in liver and kidney function and myocardial enzymes in 5 groups were measured. Results The rats exposed to nitrogen firstly were excited then inactive symptoms, but consciousness was recovered after oxygen therapy. The PO2 and SPO2 in nitrogen exposure group were (79.67±9.12) and (94.92±2.78) mm Hg, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.01). The PO2 and SPO2 of 3 oxygen treatment groups were (94.75±7.24), (94.92±8.98), (104.58±7.12)mm Hg and (97.17±0.83), (96.92±1.16), (97.42±0.67)mm Hg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in nitrogen exposure group (P<0.05). The PO2 in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was significantly higher than those in other 2 oxygen treatment groups (P<0.05). The SPO2 in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was (51.42±6.60) mm Hg which was significantly higher than that [(44.58±3.42)mm Hg] in 50% oxygen treatment groups (P<0.05). AST [(270.50±49.05)U/L], ALT [(122.67±55.44)U/L], BUN [(7.31±0.93 )mmol/L], Cr[(28.32±4.35) (μmol/L], CK [(1808.42 ±582.05 )U/L] and CtnI [(22.52±14.29 )ng/ml] in nitrogen exposure group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). AST [(165.25 ±30.87 )U/L], HBDH [(350.83± 103.00)U/L] and Ctnl [(11.23±5.38 )ng/ml] in hyperbaric oxygen treatment group were significantly lower than those in other 2 oxygen treatment groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Timely and effective oxygen therapy can significantly increase arterial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation in the rats with acute nitrogen asphyxia, and can improve liver function and cardiac damage. The hyperbaric oxygen chamber can significantly increase the therapeutic effects on rats with acute nitrogen asphyxiation.