改良早期预警评分联合预见性对症护理在肺结核 咯血患者中的应用

目的 探讨改良早期预警评分联合预见性对症护理在肺结核咯血患者中的应用效果.方法 将我院2014年11月至2015年5月收治的肺结核咯血患者以随机字母法抽取30例分为观察组,将2015年7月至2016年1月收治的肺结核咯血患者以随机字母法抽取30例分为对照组,观察组采用改良早期预警评分及有预见性的对症护理措施,对照组采用常规护理,比较两组患者并发症的发生率、平均咯血次数、咯血停止时间及平均住院时间.结果 观察组平均咯血次数、咯血停止时间、住院时间、并发症发生率低于对照组,两组对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 对肺结核咯血患者采用改良早期预警评分可以尽早发现患者的潜在危险因素,降低咯血次数,减少并发症的发生率,缩短咯血时间及住院时间.     

Poor performance of the modified early warning score for predicting mortality in critically ill patients presenting to an emergency department

BACKGROUND:

This study was undertaken to validate the use of the modified early warning score (MEWS) as a predictor of patient mortality and intensive care unit (ICU)/ high dependency (HD) admission in an Asian population.

METHODS:

The MEWS was applied to a retrospective cohort of 1 024 critically ill patients presenting to a large Asian tertiary emergency department (ED) between November 2006 and December 2007. Individual MEWS was calculated based on vital signs parameters on arrival at ED. Outcomes of mortality and ICU/HD admission were obtained from hospital records. The ability of the composite MEWS and its individual components to predict mortality within 30 days from ED visit was assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were derived and compared with values from other cohorts. A MEWS of !4 was chosen as the cut-off value for poor prognosis based on previous studies.

RESULTS:

A total of 311 (30.4%) critically ill patients were presented with a MEWS !4. Their mean age was 61.4 years (SD 18.1) with a male to female ratio of 1.10. Of the 311 patients, 53 (17%) died within 30 days, 64 (20.6%) were admitted to ICU and 86 (27.7%) were admitted to HD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.71 with a sensitivity of 53.0% and a specificity of 72.1% in addition to a positive predictive value (PPV) of 17.0% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.4% (MEWS cut-off of !4) for predicting mortality.

CONCLUSION:

The composite MEWS did not perform well in predicting poor patient outcomes for critically ill patients presenting to an ED.KEY WORDS: Modified early warning score, Emergency department, Outcomes, Triage     

Hepatic encephalopathy following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): Management with <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-ornithine-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-aspartate and stent reduction

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common problem after insertion of a trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), which may be difficult to manage. We present a case of severe post-TIPS HE unresponsive to high doses of l-ornithine-l-aspartate (LOLA) despite reduction of venous ammonia levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Ultimately, high-grade HE was successfully treated by a reduction stent and the patient subsequently underwent successful liver transplantation.     

先天性心脏病术后残余室间隔缺损介入治疗及中长期随访

目的 评价先天性心脏病（先心病）术后残余室间隔缺损（VSD）介入治疗的效果及中长期随访结果。 方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2014年5月复旦大学附属儿科医院介入治疗的先心病术后残余VSD患者的临床资料,对辅助检查、介入治疗情况和随访行描述性分析。结果 21例患者进入分析,男11例,女10例,平均年龄8.8（2.7～21）岁,平均体重26.3（10.5～53.5） kg。13例为VSD修补术后残余漏,其中2例合并主动脉弓缩窄修补术后再缩窄;5例为法洛四联症（TOF）术后残余VSD,其中1例合并频发室性早搏及短阵室性心动过速;2例为右室双出口术后残余VSD;1例为完全性大动脉转位术后残余VSD。介入治疗距离外科手术时间为11～80个月。①介入治疗中左心室造影测得VSD右心室面直径为(3.73±1.56) mm,4例右室面有多处分流,1例为左室-右房瘘;肺循环与体循环血流量之比为1.53±0.23;无中度以上肺动脉高压者。②21例患者中,1例介入治疗中建立轨道时反复发生Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞而放弃堵闭行外科手术治疗;20例（95.2%）封堵成功,其中1例应用2个堵闭器。1例合并频发室性早搏及短阵室性心动过速患儿同时行射频消融治疗成功;2例合并主动脉弓再缩窄患儿经球囊扩张后缩窄解除。介入治疗中无不良事件发生。介入治疗后即刻造影和经胸超声心动图显示少量残余分流3例。ECG均无异常发现。③20例随访1～79个月,均无明显临床症状。2例在1年随访中ECG分别出现不完全性右束支传导阻滞及Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞,继续随访6~12个月无改变;2/3例即刻有残余分流患儿在随访中残余分流消失,1例介入治疗后20个月时仍有残余分流3.4 mm,心腔大小和功能正常;无新发的三尖瓣或主动脉瓣反流,3例堵闭前存在的中重度三尖瓣反流在随访中反流均为轻度;未见堵闭器移位、脱落或血栓形成。结论 经导管堵闭介入治疗先心病手术后残余VSD是一项安全、有效和易行的方法,介入治疗后即刻和中长期随访效果好,应成为此类患儿首选的治疗方法。     

Measuring adherence among nurses one year after training in applying the Modified Early Warning Score and Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation instruments

Background

Patients with a cardiac arrest or unplanned intensive care admission show gradual decline in clinical condition preceding the event. This can be objectified by measuring the vital parameters and subsequently determining the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). Contact with the physician by nurses may be structured using the Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) communication instrument. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether nurses trained in the use of MEWS and SBAR tools were more likely to recognize a deteriorating patient.

Design and setting

This prospective quasi-experimental trial in the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands included three medical and three surgical wards.

Interventions

A group of 47 trained and 48 non-trained nurses were presented with a case of a deteriorating patient, and subsequent assessment and actions regarding the patient case were measured.

Results

Of the trained nurses, 77% versus 58% of the non-trained group assessed the patient immediately. On subsequent assessment of the patient, respiratory rate was measured twice as frequently (53% trained versus 25% non-trained, p = 0.025). No differences were found in the measurement of other vital parameters. The MEWS was determined by 11% of trained nurses. Subsequent notification of the physician was performed by 67% of the trained versus 43% of the non-trained nurses. The SBAR communication tool was used by only one nurse.

Conclusions

Trained nurses are able to identify a deteriorating patient and react more appropriately. However, despite rigorously implementing MEWS/SBAR methodology, these tools were rarely used.     

脑室-腹腔分流术治疗正常压力脑积水的临床预后因素分析

目的研究影响正常压力脑积水（NPH）行脑室-腹腔分流手术预后的因素。方法从NPH患者的症状、病因、分流管的选择及腰穿放液试验、影像学表现、病程、年龄等因素分析手术效果。结果蛛网膜下腔出血、颅脑外伤、脑瘤术后引起的NPH手术效果好;临床以步态不稳为主要症状的手术效果好;选用低压分流管、腰穿放液试验症状改善的手术效果好;CT平扫脑室旁低密度区（PVL）和MRI检查室周、皮质下高信号的手术效果好;病程〈6个月、年龄〈60岁的手术效果好。结论影响NPH行脑室-腹腔分流手术预后的因素复杂,综合分析各因素对判断手术预后非常有益。     

超声造影在评价经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后支架管功能障碍中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在评价经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPSS）后支架管功能障碍中的应用价值。方法对45例随访的TIPSS术后患者行X线门脉造影，并根据造影情况作支架管球囊成形术或重新置管。门脉造影前或后2周内行常规彩色超声和超声造影检查。结果45例患者X线门脉造影证实有17例支架管功能障碍（15例狭窄，2例闭塞）。常规彩色超声检出20例支架管功能障碍（15例狭窄，5例闭塞），其敏感性为65％，特异性为67％，阳性预测值为55％，阴性预测值为76％。超声造影检出16例支架管功能障碍（14例狭窄，2例闭塞），其敏感性为76％，特异性为89％，阳性预测值为81％，阴性预测值为86％。结论超声造影较常规彩色超声能显著提高判定支架管功能障碍的准确性。     

妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症患者血清总胆汁酸水平与母体并发症及围产儿的关系

【目的】探讨妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症 (ICP)患者血清总胆汁酸 (TBA)水平与母体并发症及围产儿的关系。【方法】采用第五代循环酶法测定 118例ICP产妇 (ICP组 ,其中轻度 5 2例、中度 4 8例、重度 18例 )和5 4例正常晚期妊娠妇女 (对照组 )的血清TBA水平。【结果】ICP产妇血清TBA水平明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,ICP患者母体并发症及围产儿患病率也明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,重度组患者与中度、轻度组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。【结论】血清TBA测定对ICP患者早期诊断和治疗、母体并发症及围产儿病情观察及预后有重要意义