Throwing induces substantial torsional adaptation within the midshaft humerus of male baseball players

Athletes participating in unilateral dominant sports are useful models for investigating skeletal responses to mechanical loading as they provide controlled evidence in the absence of completing a randomized controlled trial. Throwing athletes may be an additional model for this purpose as they overload their dominant upper extremity enabling the contralateral side to act as an internal control and load the bones of the upper extremity purely via the generation of internal (i.e. muscular) forces without superposition of externally applied loads (i.e. impact with an external object). The aim of this study was to investigate upper extremity bone adaptation in throwing athletes and explore factors that predict this adaptation. Two cohorts were recruited—male baseball players (throwers; n = 15) and matched controls (controls; n = 15). Each subject was assessed for shoulder range and strength, and upper extremity bone mass, structure and estimated strength. Throwers had substantially greater skeletal differences between their dominant and nondominant upper extremities than controls, indicating that throwing induces greater adaptation than induced by habitual loading of the dominant upper extremity. Bone adaptation in throwers was localized to the humerus, with the midshaft humerus in the dominant upper extremity of throwers having enhanced bone mass, structure and estimated strength. The largest effect was for estimated strength of the midshaft humerus which had 30% greater polar moment of inertia (I_P) in throwers and suggests adaptation to resist torsional loads. The skeletal effect of throwing at the midshaft humerus was influenced by playing position with pitchers and catchers displaying greater dominant-to-nondominant differences than fielders, and was predicted by years throwing and dominant-to-nondominant difference in upper arm lean cross-sectional area. The latter two variables explained 67% of the variance in dominant-to-nondominant differences in I_P. Collectively, these data indicate that throwing induces substantial adaptation within the midshaft humerus. Adaptation was primarily in the direction of torsion which is consistent with biomechanical and injury data suggesting throwing introduces high magnitude torsional forces. As the magnitude of adaptation in throwers was equivalent to that observed in athletes participating in other unilateral dominant sports, throwers represent an alternative model for investigating the skeletal effects of mechanical loading.     

Cardiac valvular surgery in dialysis patients: comparison of surgical outcome for mechanical versus bioprosthetic valves

Purpose  There has been a changing preference for bioprosthetic valves over mechanical valves in dialysis patients, but there is still much controversy. We reviewed our 17-year experience and assessed the influence of prosthesis choice. Methods  From 1990 to 2007, a total of 63 consecutive dialysis patients who underwent valvular surgery (64 operations including one reoperation) at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 58.3 ± 9.0 years. The reasons for dialysis were glomerulonephritis (n = 32) and diabetes (n = 10). The major preoperative diagnosis was aortic stenosis (n = 44). The surgical procedures included aortic valve replacement (n = 44), mitral valve replacement (n = 7), double valvular replacement (n = 7), and mitral valve repair (n = 5). Prostheses for valve replacement were mechanical valves (n = 37) or bioprosthetic valves (n = 22). Follow-up was accomplished in 95.2%, and the mean follow-up period was 49 months. Results  Actuarial survivals at 1, 5, and 10 years were 85%, 64%, and 45% respectively. Freedom from cardiovascular events at 1 and 5 years was 61% and 41%, respectively. Mechanical valve patients had significantly higher early mortality than bioprosthetic valve patients (P = 0.03). However, both mechanical and bioprosthetic valve patients had similar survival and event-free rates (P = 0.87 and P = 0.27, respectively) in the midterm results. The mechanical group had a higher rate of bleeding events. There was no structural valve deterioration up to the 5-year follow-up. Conclusion  The choice of prosthesis did not influence the surgical outcome except for early mortality. Careful consideration of preventive measures against bleeding is important, and prosthesis selection should be based on the patient’s profile as well as the criteria for nondialysis patients.     

Gender differences in trabecular bone architecture of the distal radius assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and implications for mechanical competence

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hrMRI) has recently made it possible to evaluate trabecular bone structure in vivo. Despite obvious gender differences in fracture incidence at the distal radius, little is known about gender differences in trabecular bone microarchitecture and its relationship to the structural strength of the forearm. The aim of this study was to determine trabecular bone structure in the distal radius of elderly women and men and its correlation with failure loads of the distal radius as determined in a fall configuration. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that structural indices differ between women and men and that they offer information that is independent from BMD for predicting structural strength. Intact right arms were obtained from 73 formalin-fixed cadavers (age 80±11 years, 43 women, 30 men). Trabecular structural indices (apparent bone volume fraction [app. BV/TV], trabecular number [app. Tb.N], trabecular separation [app. Tb.Sp], trabecular thickness [app. Tb.Th] and fractal dimension [Frac.Dim]) were assessed in the distal metaphysis, using hrMRI with 156 µm in-plane resolution and proprietary digital image analysis, while BMD was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Women displayed significantly lower BMD (–29.8%, p <0.001), app. BV/TV (–8.2%, p <0.05) and app. Tb.Th (–10.2%, p <0.001) than men, whereas app. Tb.N, app. Tb.Sp. and fractal dimension did not differ significantly. Structural parameters differed between normal and osteopenic women (BV/TV: –11%, p <0.01; Tb.Th: –8%, p <0.001) and between normal and osteoporotic women BV/TV: –21%, p <0.001; Tb.Th: –16%, p <0.001). App. BV/TV, app. Tb.Th and fractal dimension provided information independent from BMD in the prediction of radial failure loads in multiple regression models. These findings imply that it should be of clinical interest to monitor both bone mass and trabecular microstructure for predicting osteoporotic fracture risk.     

床旁超声引导下徒手留置鼻空肠管在ICU机械通气患者的临床应用

目的 探讨超声引导下留置鼻空肠管置管技术在重症监护病房机械通气患者中的应用,为早期建立幽门后肠内营养提供新的有效途径。方法 选择2018 年1 月～2019 年12 月重症医学科收治的机械通气患者200 例,在床旁超声引导下留置鼻空肠管,在导管插入过程中通过超声快速探查并找到十二指肠,将超声结果与腹部X 线进行比较,以验证该方法的准确性,同时记录耗时和相关的并发症发生情况。结果 在200 例机械通气患者中,158 例患者首次超声检查十二指肠球部内鼻空肠管声像显示置管成功;30 例患者再通后,第二次超声检查显示置管成功;12 例患者因上腹部气体或十二指肠球囊部气体干扰,应用胃肠减压或胃肠动力药物后,成功置管5 例。成功定位十二指肠球囊超声显示率为96.5%（193/200）,最短时间为15 s,最长时间为246 s。所有患者在鼻空肠管放置和超声定位过程中均无明显并发症。结论 超声引导下留置鼻空肠管对ICU 机械通气患者的治疗具有重要价值,超声定位可以快速确定鼻空肠管是否已成功实现幽门后放置,安全、简单、准确度高,值得临床应用。     

一次性湿热交换器在新生儿机械通气长途转运中应用的效果分析

目的探讨研究一次性湿热交换器在新生儿机械通气长途转运中应用的临床意义。方法 2017年1月-2017年12月,我院120转运中心长途转运接收786例机械通气新生儿,786例患儿随机分为常规气道护理(对照组)和转运途中应用一次性湿热交换器组(治疗组),对比转运过程中的吸痰次数、肉眼可见痰痂形成率、堵管发生率、脱管发生率、人机对抗发生率。结果研究数据显示治疗组吸痰次数、肉眼可见痰痂形成率、堵管发生率、脱管发生率、人机对抗发生率有显著性差异(P<0.05)明显低于对照组。结论在机械通气新生儿长途转运中,一次性湿热交换器的可减少转运患儿吸痰次数发生率、降低肉眼可见痰痂形成率、堵管发生率、脱管发生率、人机对抗发生率具有明显优越性,值得推广。     

急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞血管内治疗预后相关因素分析

目的探讨急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞(TO)血管内治疗方法,分析其预后相关因素。方法回顾性收集2016年1月～2019年4月我院神经外科收治的急性颈内动脉颅内外段闭塞伴同侧大脑中动脉闭塞患者的临床资料,将患者分为预后良好组(90 d mRS评分0～2分)和预后不良组(90 d mRS评分3～6分)。比较两组发病年龄、手术前后NIHSS评分、ASPECT评分、侧支循环、闭塞类型、开通顺序、术中替罗非班使用、有效再通率、术后出血转化率、术后7 d NIHSS评分、术后90 d mRS评分等临床指标,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果共确认21例[(10.6%(21/198)]急性前循环颅内外串联闭塞患者,其中预后良好组8例(38.1%),预后不良组13例(61.9%)。两组高血压、高脂血症、吸烟和肺部慢性疾病、入院NIHSS评分、术前ASCEPT评分、病因TOAST分型等术前评估指标比较,无统计学差异(P0.05);与预后不良组相比,预后良好组年龄更低(P=0.009)。两组术后7 d NIHSS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.536,P=0.020),术中替罗非班的使用、症状性颅内出血无明显差异(P0.05)。21例患者有效再通率为(TICI 2b-3)71.5%,死亡率28.6%,仅38.1%的患者预后良好。两组再灌注TICI分级无统计学差异(P=0.336),较低的发病年龄(P=0.009)、良好侧支循环(P=0.037)、术后7 d NIHSS评分(P=0.020)及桥接静脉溶栓(P=0.011)与预后相关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,侧支循环为预后预测因子(B=3.651,OR=38.5,95%CI为2.951～508.463,P=0.006)。结论前循环急性颅内外串联闭塞患者进行血管内治疗有一定效果,但总体良好预后率偏低,良好侧支循环为预后较强预测因子。本研究的局限性主要为非随机单中心回顾性研究,TO患者最佳治疗策略需要更多的随机对照进一步研究探索。     

右美托咪定对老年机械通气患者睡眠与认知的影响

目的 探讨老年机械通气患者使用右美托咪定对睡眠和认知功能的影响。方法 自2018年1月～2019年12月,将我院ICU老年呼吸机患者随机分为右美托咪定组和咪达唑仑组,每组30例。用脑电双频指数监测镇静深度,以多导睡眠检测仪记录睡眠脑电图。记录两组呼吸机使用期间不良反应的发生次数。通过ICU模糊评估方法(CAM-ICU)评估两组患者在7 d内出现谵妄的病例数。使用PSQI和MMSE量表追踪患者3个月的睡眠质量和认知功能状态。结果 右美托咪定组的睡眠效率显著更高(P0.05)。7 d内谵妄发生率右美托咪定组较咪达唑仑组患者显著减少(P0.05)。两组患者在ICU期间发生呼吸抑制不良事件发生率有显著差异(P0.05),但意外脱管和心血管事件的不良事件发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。两组在3个月时的MMSE评分有显着差异(P0.05),但PSQI检查无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 对于有短期机械通气的老年患者,右美托咪定的镇静作用是理想的。     

多模式MRI对急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓治疗指导的临床价值

目的探讨多模式MRI对急性缺血性脑卒中(ACIS)静脉溶栓治疗指导的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2017年01月~2018年01月我院收治的70例ACIS患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法的不同分为对照组(n=35)和观察组(n=35),对照组给予常规抗血栓治疗,观察组给予多模式MRI指导下静脉溶栓治疗,比较两组临床疗效、神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分、日常生活能力(Barthel指数)评分、血清CRP水平及安全性。结果治疗后观察组总有效率91.43%、血管再通率94.29%,显著高于对照组的71.43%和74.28%(P<0.05);治疗后观察组NIHSS评分和血清CRP水平均低于对照组,Barthel指数评分高于对照组(P<0.05);两组总不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论多在模式MRI指导下静脉溶栓治疗ACIS的疗效显著,可有效改善神经功能,提高日常生活能力,且安全性较高。     

机械振动排痰治疗老年社区获得性肺炎患者的效果

目的：观察机械振动排痰治疗老年社区获得性肺炎患者的效果。方法：选取96例老年社区获得性肺炎患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各48例。对照组给予常规排痰治疗,观察组给予机械振动排痰治疗,比较两组临床疗效、症状消失时间、治疗前后肺功能指标[用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)、呼气流量峰值(PEF)]水平和动脉血气分析指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO₂)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO₂)]水平。结果：观察组治疗总有效率为95.82%,高于对照组的83.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组喘息、气促、肺啰音和咳嗽等症状消失时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组FVC、FEV₁、PEF等肺功能指标水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组PaO₂水平高于对照组,PaCO₂水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：机械振动排痰治疗老年社区获得性...     

创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者气管切开时机及预后的临床研究

目的 研究创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者的气管切开时机及临床预后。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月1日至2021年12月31日在丽水市中医院收治的单节段创伤性颈脊髓损伤合并呼吸功能不全且接受气管切开治疗的患者65例。根据从气管插管到初次气管切开的时间将患者分为早期组（从插管到气管切开≤7d,n=31）和晚期组（从插管到气管切开>7d,n=34）,比较两组患者机械通气时间、拔管时间和重症监护病房（intensive care unit,ICU）住院时间等指标。结果 早期组患者机械通气时间（23.9±16.5）d,较晚期组（37.3±25.7）d明显缩短（t=?10.310,P=0.025）;早期组患者ICU住院时间（19.7±5.5）d,明显短于晚期组（26.8±12.4）d（t=?9.058,P=0.021）;早期组患者拔管时间（51.0±27.1）d,明显短于晚期组（73.1±46.8）d（t=?10.039,P=0.021）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者的肺部感染发生率、病死率及90d再住院率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对于短时间不能脱离机械通气的急性创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者,在插管后7d内进行气管切开,可减少机械通气和ICU住院时间,改善患者的预后且不增加并发症发生率。